Risk Factors for Early Death After Rituximab-Based Immunochemotherapy in Older Patients With Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Authors:
Adam J. Olszewski From the Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island; and Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
From the Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island; and Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.

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Kalyan C. Mantripragada From the Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island; and Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
From the Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island; and Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.

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Jorge J. Castillo From the Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island; and Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.

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Volume/Issue:
Volume 14: Issue 9
Online Publication Date:
Sep 2016
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2016.0121
Full access

Background: Older patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are at risk of severe chemotherapy-related morbidity and mortality. Our objective was to quantify the risk and identify factors associated with death during the first cycle of immunochemotherapy in this population. Patients and Methods: Using Medicare claims linked to the population-based SEER registry (SEER-Medicare), we studied patients with DLBCL aged 65 years and older who received immunochemotherapy containing rituximab, cyclophosphamide, and vincristine, in combination with doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, or etoposide in 2003–2012. Risk factors for death and hospitalization within the first 30 days of treatment were studied in multivariable logistic regression models. Results: We identified 5,530 patients with a median age of 76 years, of whom 94% received doxorubicin-containing immunochemotherapy. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) was administered to 66% of patients during the first treatment cycle. Cumulative incidence of death at day 30 was 2.2%. The risk was significantly higher in patients aged 75 years and older and those who had B symptoms, chronic kidney disease, poor functional status, use of walking aids or wheelchairs, and prior hospitalization or upper endoscopy. The group with 0 to 1 risk factors (56% of patients) had a very low (0.6%) risk of early death, whereas the group with 4 or more risk factors (6% of patients) had a risk of 8.3%. Receipt of G-CSF was associated with a lower probability of early death in the high-risk group. The incidence of hospitalization within the first 30 days was 23.5%, peaking at day 8 of the cycle. Conclusions: Among older patients with DLBCL who receive contemporary immunochemotherapy, 1 in 45 die during the first month of treatment, and 1 in 4 are hospitalized. Factors identifiable from administrative/electronic records can stratify this risk and could be incorporated into decision support tools. Prophylactic G-CSF is not administered to more than one-third of patients, indicating an opportunity for improved preventive interventions.

Background

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a curable malignancy for approximately 60% of patients aged 65 years or older, if treated with contemporary immunochemotherapy.1 However, the risk of severe toxicities and death after chemotherapy initiation significantly increases with age.2,3 Even among preselected clinical trial participants, approximately 5% die of treatment-related complications.4–7 In order to lower this risk, oncologists rely on clinical intuition or institutional practice patterns, balancing the intensity of curative therapy with potential toxicity. A quarter of Medicare beneficiaries diagnosed with DLBCL may not receive chemotherapy at all.8 Identifying the risk of severe complications is challenging given the paucity of data and heterogeneity in physiologic reserve among patients of the same age.9,10 Validated tools such as the comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) are too complex for many practice settings, and therefore discerning risk factors from readily available clinical or administrative data offers a useful alternative for designing preventive interventions.11,12

Most prior studies concentrated on adverse events during the entire course of chemotherapy, or on patients' ability to complete the planned number of cycles.8,13,14 However, the initial treatment cycle is of critical importance because patients' functional status, nutrition, and organ function are impaired by active lymphoma. Our objective was to evaluate risk factors for death and hospitalization during the first month of rituximab-based immunochemotherapy using population-based data from Medicare beneficiaries.

Patients and Methods

Data Source and Cohort Selection

This study used deidentified Medicare claims combined with SEER program data (SEER-Medicare), and was approved by the local Institutional Review Board. The dataset links cancer registry records from 18 geographic areas encompassing 28% of the US population, with claims for health services rendered to Medicare beneficiaries. It has been extensively used for health outcomes research on older Americans with DLBCL.8,15–18 We selected patients diagnosed with DLBCL at age 65 years or older between 2003 and 2011 who initiated outpatient immunochemotherapy containing, at minimum, rituximab, cyclophosphamide, and vincristine in combination with doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, or etoposide (Figure 1). We excluded cases with incomplete Medicare records—primarily enrollees in managed care plans, whose billing claims are not processed by Medicare administration. We also excluded subjects with primary central nervous system lymphoma, and those who did not receive treatment within 3 months from diagnosis. HIV status was evident from claims in only fewer than 11 cases.

Variables and End Points

We classified race/ethnicity as white non-Hispanic, white Hispanic, black, or Asian/other. Dual coverage by Medicare and Medicaid, available specifically to low-income beneficiaries, served as a proxy for socioeconomic deprivation. For adjustment of

Figure 1.
Figure 1.

Selection of the analytic cohort from the SEER-Medicare data.

Abbreviations: CNS, central nervous system; DLBCL, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Citation: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network J Natl Compr Canc Netw 14, 9; 10.6004/jnccn.2016.0121

baseline health, we used 2 claims-based constructs. The NCI modification of the Charlson comorbidity index, based on diagnostic codes within 1 year before diagnosis, counts medical conditions associated with baseline mortality and receipt of chemotherapy.8,15,19,20 Davidoff's disability indicator, derived from use of health services before diagnosis, is a validated measure of self-reported poor performance status (PS; corresponding to ECOG 3–4 category).21,22 We also studied selected comorbidities and health services using claims from 1 year preceding the DLBCL diagnosis. In particular, chronic kidney disease was defined as occurrence of any of the following codes from the ICD-9: 582.*, 583.*, 585.*, 586, or 588.*. Health services were identified using Berenson-Eggers Type of Service algorithms for Medicare claims analysis.23

Chemotherapy regimen was ascertained from codes for specific drugs within 7 days from the first administration. Doses of agents were not available. We classified the regimens as R-CHOP–like (containing rituximab, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and vincristine), or with mitoxantrone or etoposide substituting for doxorubicin. The use of steroids was assumed, because oral prescriptions were not recorded. We also identified prophylactic granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) administration during the first cycle.24

The primary outcome of analysis was death within 30 days from chemotherapy initiation. The secondary outcome was hospitalization. We also identified admissions to critical care units or nursing homes, and cardiovascular events ascertained from inpatient Medicare files within the same time frame.

Statistical Analysis

Univariate associations were analyzed by chi-square test. We then built multivariable logistic models, always including age, sex, race, DLBCL stage, B symptoms, comorbidity score, PS indicator, Medicaid coverage, and receipt of anthracycline as covariates, regardless of statistical significance. Other predictors showing strong association (P<.002—to correct for multiple testing) were added stepwise and retained in the final model if they remained significant (P<.05). Missing data on stage and B symptoms were accounted for by multiple imputation using chained equations that included all variables from outcome models, generating 30 imputed data sets.25 Time-dependent hazards were calculated in flexible parametric survival models.26 Analyses were conducted using SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) or Stata/MP 14.1 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX) and report estimates with 95% CIs.

Results

Patient Characteristics

Among the 5,530 eligible patients (with a median age of 76 years) treated with outpatient rituximab-based immunochemotherapy in 2003–2011 (Table 1), 94% received anthracycline, and 66% received G-CSF during the first cycle. With a median follow-up of 5.7 years, median overall survival (OS) was 7.0 years (95% CI, 6.8–7.4), and the estimated 5-year survival rate was 60% (CI, 58%–61%). This was better for patients who received doxorubicin (61%; CI, 59%–62%) compared with those who did not (43%; CI, 38%–49%). Excluded patients treated with less intense regimens also had worse survival rates (38%; CI, 36%–39%). The hazard of death peaked at 30 days from the first chemotherapy (Figure 1A) and plateaued after approximately 30 months.

Table 1.

Patient Characteristics
Table 1.

Risk of Early Death

The cumulative incidence of death was 2.2% (CI, 1.8%–2.6%) at 30 days, and 10.9% (CI, 10.1%–11.8%) at 180 days from chemotherapy initiation (Figure 1B). The most common causes of death (from death certificates) within the first 30 days were lymphoma (72%), heart disease (9%), septicemia (3%), and cerebrovascular events (3%). In univariate analysis, risk significantly increased with age, presence of B symptoms, nonreceipt of anthracycline, number of comorbidities, worsening PS, and several claim-derived predictors (Table 2 and supplemental eTable 1, available with this article at JNCCN.org). We constructed a simplified prediction score based on 7 factors significant in the multivariable model: age of 75 years or older, B symptoms, poor PS, chronic kidney disease, use of mobility aids (cane, walker, wheelchair), and hospitalization or upper endoscopy within 1 year before diagnosis. This score classified 56% of patients as low risk (0–1 factors) with 0.6% (CI, 0.3%–0.9%) chance of early death, and an additional 38% of patients as intermediate risk (2–3 factors, 3.2% risk of early death; CI, 2.5%–4.0%). It also discerned a small (6%) high-risk group (≥4 factors) with a probability of early death of 8.3% (CI, 5.3%–11.0%; Figure 2C, D). This discrimination was similar for patients aged 80 years or older (risk of 0.9%, 4.4%, and 7.8% for low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups, respectively) and for younger patients (0.6%, 2.6%, and 8.8%, respectively). Among patients aged 80 years or older, 40% were in the low-risk and 10% were in the high-risk category.

The score also correlated with the risk of death at 180 days (6%, 15%, and 27% for low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups, respectively) and with subsequent OS (supplemental eFigure 1). Furthermore, although not calibrated for this group, the score was associated with the risk of early death among patients treated with low-intensity regimens (supplemental eTable 2).

In order to eliminate guarantee-time bias, we studied the association between receipt of G-CSF and early death in a subgroup of patients (N=5,478) who remained alive and as outpatients within 2 days after chemotherapy (Table 3).27 Prophylactic G-CSF was not administered to 36%, 32%, and 33% of patients in the low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups, respectively. The risk of early death was similar with or without G-CSF in low- and intermediate-risk groups, but was 3 times higher among high-risk patients who did not receive G-CSF (15% vs 5%; P=.001).

Risk of Hospitalization

Cumulative incidence of hospitalization within 30 days of chemotherapy was 23.5% (CI, 22.4%–24.6%), and the risk peaked on day 8 (Figure 3A). In a multivariable model, risk was associated with increasing age, male sex, B symptoms, comorbidity index, and prior hospitalization or upper endoscopy, but not with any specific comorbidity or anthracycline use (supplemental eTable 3). Within the previously defined risk categories for early death, the probability of hospitalization varied from 18% to 40% (Figure 3B). Furthermore, 8% of patients were admitted to a critical care unit and 2% to a nursing home; 18% had a cardiovascular event, including 17% of those who received doxorubicin and 25% of those who did not. Among patients surviving more than 30 days, hospitalization during the first cycle was associated with a higher risk of not receiving further chemotherapy (9% vs <1%; P<.0001) and a higher risk of second-cycle delay beyond 22 days (50% vs 32%; P<.0001).

Discussion

In this population-based study, we evaluated the risk of death or hospitalization during the first month of R-CHOP–like immunochemotherapy among Medicare beneficiaries with DLBCL. We found that 1 in 45 of those patients died and 1 in 4 was hospitalized. We distinguished groups with risk of death ranging from 0.6% to 8.3%, which can help in the design of decision support tools and preventive interventions, and allow for evidence-driven counseling at the critical moment of therapy initiation. Supplemental eFigure 2 shows a simple applicable patient counseling tool. Considering the cumulative risk of death of 10.9% at 6 months, we can estimate that approximately 20% of treatment-related mortality occurs during the first month of chemotherapy.

Although advanced age at diagnosis is an important negative prognostic factor in DLBCL,28,29 in randomized trials of R-CHOP immunochemotherapy focused on older patients, most participants achieved long-term survival. In the landmark Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte study,

Table 2.

Factors Associated With the Risk of Death Within 30 Days After First Immunochemotherapy
Table 2.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.

Analysis of early mortality in older patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with rituximab-based immunochemotherapy. (A) Hazard of mortality as a function of time, indicating a peak at 30 days from the first treatment. (B) Cumulative incidence of death within 3 years from the first treatment. (C) Proportions of patients classified as low, intermediate, or high risk for early death, according to the number of risk factors. (D) Risk of death within 30 days from first treatment, stratified by number of risk factors; bars indicate 95% CIs.

Citation: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network J Natl Compr Canc Netw 14, 9; 10.6004/jnccn.2016.0121

the 5-year event-free survival rate after R-CHOP was 47% and the OS rate was 58%.30 Furthermore, the 3-year OS rate was 67% in the US Intergroup trial and 78% in the German RICOVER-60 trial (after 6 cycles of R-CHOP).6,7 These results come at a price of significant toxicities. In RICOVER-60, grade 3/4 toxicities included infection (28%), red blood cell transfusions (47%), and arrhythmias (4%). Similarly, Delarue et al4 found an 18% rate of febrile neutropenia and a 4% rate of cardiovascular severe adverse effects, with 13% of all fatalities ascribed to complications of R-CHOP. The balance between treatment intensity and tolerability thus becomes increasingly difficult to achieve in the geriatric population as age advances, functional reserve declines, and comorbidities accumulate.2,31 Elderly patients constitute a heterogeneous group, and age alone poorly correlates with treatment tolerance.10,32 The cutoff of 75 years better reflects the prevalence of geriatric syndromes and functional dependence, but trials enroll few subjects beyond that age.32,33 In our data, age of 75 years or older strongly correlated with early death or hospitalization. Surveys demonstrate that physicians variably offer or withhold curative chemotherapy from patients with DLBCL older than 80 years, which underscores the need for data-driven risk stratification.8,18,34,35 Our study fills in the gap in knowledge about mortality in the immediate period after R-CHOP initiation.

The CGA, a multidimensional assessment of medical, functional, nutritional, cognitive, and psychosocial domains, can help guide therapy in geriatric oncology, including predicting risk of early death.10,36,37 One prospective study evaluated CGA-modulated chemotherapy in 100 elderly patients with DLBCL, stratifying participants into fit, unfit, or frail groups, and modifying R-CHOP accordingly.12 The authors noted relatively low toxicity with a preserved 5-year OS rate of 60%. However, application of the CGA in a wider clinical practice is hampered by its resource- and time-intensive nature. Two simpler tools combine elements of the CGA with standard oncologic workup. The Cancer and Aging Research Group (CARG) tool predicts a risk of grade 3 through 5 chemotherapy toxicity ranging from 25% to 89%.38 This tool was derived largely from patients receiving palliative chemotherapy for solid tumors, thus its calibration for outcomes of R-CHOP immunochemotherapy is uncertain. The Chemotherapy Risk Assessment Scale for High-Age Patients (CRASH), based on clinical and laboratory parameters (including Mini-Mental and Mini-Nutritional assessments), can predict risk ranging from 7% to 100% for hematologic and 33% to 93% for nonhematologic

Table 3.

Association Between Receipt of Prophylactic G-CSF and Risk of Death Within 30 Days From First Immunochemotherapy, Stratified by Risk Group
Table 3.
toxicities.14 Both tools require calculation of subscores from dedicated clinical assessments, and therefore their wider applicability remains to be demonstrated. Our approach differs in that we focused on the immediate fatal toxicity during the first cycle of immunochemotherapy, and relied on factors identifiable from electronic administrative sources alone, thus facilitating design of decision support tools that provide immediate feedback to the practitioner. This approach does not require complex clinical assessments, which in DLBCL may reflect symptom burden rather than baseline functional reserve.

The identified predictors of early death fall into 3 domains related to the lymphoma (B symptoms), comorbidities (kidney disease, prior hospitalization, prior endoscopy), and baseline functional capacity (PS, use of mobility aids). Age of 75 years or older affects all those domains, because it correlates with the DLBCL cell of origin and is a component of the enhanced International Prognostic Index (IPI).29,39 The association with endoscopy was somewhat surprising, because endoscopy may not be causally related to the DLBCL. Because this procedure is commonly performed in the workup for anemia, gastrointestinal bleeding, or weight loss, it may correlate with patient's poor nutritional status, abdominal pathology, or low hemoglobin. These factors are otherwise not discernible in claims data, but may affect tolerance of chemotherapy. For example, low mini nutritional assessment scores correlate with the risk of early death among older patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer.37 In our population of Medicare beneficiaries considered eligible for multi-agent immunochemotherapy, more than half had a reassuringly low risk (<1%) of immediate fatal toxicity with curative R-CHOP–like regimens. Notably, this included 40% of patients aged 80 years or older. Our results suggest that withholding anthracycline may not be associated with additional decrease in risk, as long as adequate cardiac function has been confirmed.

This exploratory study cannot provide direct support for any specific intervention aimed at decreasing the risk of death among patients with DLBCL, but provides direction for further research. Higher-risk groups may be a good target for interventions such as the “prephase treatment” consisting of 7 days of steroid alone before R-CHOP, which decreases lymphoma-related symptoms, improves functional status, and reduces deaths during the first treatment cycle.1,40 Alternatively, for the high-risk group, less toxic regimens such as R-mini-CHOP,41 rituximab/bendamustine,42 and others, may be preferred to avoid early mortality.31 Relevant suggestions could be studied in the context of decision support tools based on automated analysis of the electronic medical record at the time of chemotherapy ordering. We note here that our model is applicable to patients clinically selected for R-CHOP–like chemotherapy,

Figure 3.
Figure 3.

Analysis of the risk of hospitalization in older patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with rituximab-based immunochemotherapy. (A) Hazard of hospitalization as a function of time, indicating a peak around day 8 after the first treatment. (B) Risk of hospitalization within 30 days of first treatment, stratified by number of risk factors; bars indicate 95% CIs.

Citation: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network J Natl Compr Canc Netw 14, 9; 10.6004/jnccn.2016.0121

and may not be optimal for those requiring less intense regimens.

Our results also have some immediate implications for practice. Routine clinical evaluation on days 5 through 7 after the initial chemotherapy can identify impending complications before the peak risk of hospitalization; more than 30% patients did not receive prophylactic G-CSF. Recently, ASCO tempered the recommendation for G-CSF use in older patients with DLBCL, suggesting only “considering” it and acknowledging uncertain benefit over prophylactic antibiotics.24 Our analysis suggests a strong association between omission of G-CSF and early fatalities in the high-risk group, although it is retrospective and not causal. The 66% rate of G-CSF use was not sensitive to the guarantee-time window or to excluding hospitalized patients, so additional research is warranted on the effect of prophylactic G-CSF in elderly patients undergoing R-CHOP.

An important limitation of our study is that SEER-Medicare does not identify doses of chemotherapy, and therefore we could not determine whether patients had dose reductions. We also could not analyze other laboratory or clinical toxicities. Lack of data on cardiac function or reasons for substituting anthracycline limits the interpretation of the finding that anthracycline use was not associated with excess mortality. Additionally, the IPI or common laboratory parameters might significantly improve the risk stratification. Conversely, some claims-based indicators may be highly specific to Medicare coding, but Medicare beneficiaries constitute a vast majority of older patients with DLBCL in the United States. Our exclusion of managed care plan enrollees and patients treated with lower-intensity regimens may, however, limit the applicable population, and underscores the need for external validation of our results.

Conclusions

We demonstrated that administrative and cancer registry data, routinely integrated within modern electronic medical records, might be leveraged to stratify the risk of early death among older patients with DLBCL. Although multidimensional geriatric assessments represent a valuable holistic approach to such a stratification, we believe that the use of readily available resources may facilitate adoption of decision support tools into wider practice. Our results provide evidence-based support for safety of standard anthracycline-based immunochemotherapy when the calculated risk is very low, as is the case for more than half of older patients. Because attenuated regimens may impact disease control in the long run, this simple risk stratification might serve as a platform for future interventional studies evaluating deintensified therapy for patients at the highest risk for early toxicity.

Acknowledgments

This study used the linked SEER-Medicare database. The interpretation and reporting of these data are the sole responsibility of the authors. The authors acknowledge the efforts of the NCI; the Office of Research, Development and Information, CMS; Information Management Services, Inc.; and the SEER Program tumor registries in the creation of the SEER-Medicare database.

Results of this study were presented in part at the 57th American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting & Exposition; December 4–8, 2015; Orlando, FL.

Dr. Olszewski has disclosed that he receives consulting fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb and institutional research support from Genentech and TG Therapeutics, and is supported by the ASH Research scholar award. Dr. Mantripragada has disclosed that he has no financial interests, arrangements, affiliations, or commercial interests with the manufacturers of any products discussed in this article or their competitors. Dr. Castillo has disclosed that he receives consulting fees from Otsuka and research funding from Millennium, Pharmacyclics, and Gilead Sciences. This research was funded by Alpert Medical School of Brown University.

See JNCCN.org for supplemental online content.

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Author contributions: Study design: Olszewski and Mantripragada. Analysis: Olszewski and Mantripragada. Data interpretation: Olszewski, Mantripragada, and Castillo. Manuscript writing and approval: Olszewski, Mantripragada, and Castillo.

Correspondence: Adam J. Olszewski, MD, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Comprehensive Cancer Center at Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, George 301, Providence, RI 02903. E-mail: adam_olszewski@brown.edu

Supplementary Materials

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    Selection of the analytic cohort from the SEER-Medicare data.

    Abbreviations: CNS, central nervous system; DLBCL, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

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    Analysis of early mortality in older patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with rituximab-based immunochemotherapy. (A) Hazard of mortality as a function of time, indicating a peak at 30 days from the first treatment. (B) Cumulative incidence of death within 3 years from the first treatment. (C) Proportions of patients classified as low, intermediate, or high risk for early death, according to the number of risk factors. (D) Risk of death within 30 days from first treatment, stratified by number of risk factors; bars indicate 95% CIs.

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    Analysis of the risk of hospitalization in older patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with rituximab-based immunochemotherapy. (A) Hazard of hospitalization as a function of time, indicating a peak around day 8 after the first treatment. (B) Risk of hospitalization within 30 days of first treatment, stratified by number of risk factors; bars indicate 95% CIs.

Selection of the analytic cohort from the SEER-Medicare data.

Abbreviations: CNS, central nervous system; DLBCL, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Analysis of early mortality in older patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with rituximab-based immunochemotherapy. (A) Hazard of mortality as a function of time, indicating a peak at 30 days from the first treatment. (B) Cumulative incidence of death within 3 years from the first treatment. (C) Proportions of patients classified as low, intermediate, or high risk for early death, according to the number of risk factors. (D) Risk of death within 30 days from first treatment, stratified by number of risk factors; bars indicate 95% CIs.

Analysis of the risk of hospitalization in older patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with rituximab-based immunochemotherapy. (A) Hazard of hospitalization as a function of time, indicating a peak around day 8 after the first treatment. (B) Risk of hospitalization within 30 days of first treatment, stratified by number of risk factors; bars indicate 95% CIs.
Copyright:
Copyright © 2016 by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network 2016
Page Numbers:
9
Article Category:
Research Article
Received:
21 Apr 2016
Accepted:
01 Jun 2016
Print Publication Date:
01 Sep 2016
Online Publication Date:
Sep 2016
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