NCCN Guidelines Insights: Older Adult Oncology, Version 2.2016

Authors:
Noam VanderWaldeFrom St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Fox Chase Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; University of Colorado Cancer Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Consultant; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Reshma JagsiFrom St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Fox Chase Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; University of Colorado Cancer Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Consultant; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Efrat DotanFrom St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Fox Chase Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; University of Colorado Cancer Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Consultant; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Joel BaumgartnerFrom St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Fox Chase Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; University of Colorado Cancer Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Consultant; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Ilene S. BrownerFrom St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Fox Chase Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; University of Colorado Cancer Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Consultant; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Peggy BurhennFrom St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Fox Chase Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; University of Colorado Cancer Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Consultant; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Harvey Jay CohenFrom St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Fox Chase Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; University of Colorado Cancer Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Consultant; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Barish H. EdilFrom St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Fox Chase Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; University of Colorado Cancer Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Consultant; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Beatrice EdwardsFrom St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Fox Chase Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; University of Colorado Cancer Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Consultant; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Martine ExtermannFrom St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Fox Chase Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; University of Colorado Cancer Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Consultant; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Apar Kishor P. GantiFrom St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Fox Chase Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; University of Colorado Cancer Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Consultant; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Cary GrossFrom St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Fox Chase Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; University of Colorado Cancer Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Consultant; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Joleen HubbardFrom St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Fox Chase Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; University of Colorado Cancer Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Consultant; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Nancy L. KeatingFrom St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Fox Chase Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; University of Colorado Cancer Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Consultant; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Beatriz Korc-GrodzickiFrom St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Fox Chase Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; University of Colorado Cancer Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Consultant; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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June M. McKoyFrom St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Fox Chase Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; University of Colorado Cancer Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Consultant; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Bruno C. MedeirosFrom St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Fox Chase Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; University of Colorado Cancer Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Consultant; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Ewa MrozekFrom St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Fox Chase Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; University of Colorado Cancer Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Consultant; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Tracey O'ConnorFrom St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Fox Chase Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; University of Colorado Cancer Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Consultant; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Hope S. RugoFrom St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Fox Chase Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; University of Colorado Cancer Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Consultant; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Randall W. RupperFrom St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Fox Chase Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; University of Colorado Cancer Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Consultant; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Dale ShepardFrom St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Fox Chase Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; University of Colorado Cancer Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Consultant; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Rebecca A. SillimanFrom St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Fox Chase Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; University of Colorado Cancer Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Consultant; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Derek L. StirewaltFrom St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Fox Chase Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; University of Colorado Cancer Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Consultant; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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William P. TewFrom St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Fox Chase Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; University of Colorado Cancer Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Consultant; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Louise C. WalterFrom St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Fox Chase Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; University of Colorado Cancer Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Consultant; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Tanya WildesFrom St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Fox Chase Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; University of Colorado Cancer Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Consultant; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Mary Anne BergmanFrom St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Fox Chase Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; University of Colorado Cancer Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Consultant; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Hema SundarFrom St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Fox Chase Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; University of Colorado Cancer Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Consultant; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Arti HurriaFrom St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Fox Chase Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; University of Colorado Cancer Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Consultant; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Cancer is the leading cause of death in older adults aged 60 to 79 years. Older patients with good performance status are able to tolerate commonly used treatment modalities as well as younger patients, particularly when adequate supportive care is provided. For older patients who are able to tolerate curative treatment, options include surgery, radiation therapy (RT), chemotherapy, and targeted therapies. RT can be highly effective and well tolerated in carefully selected patients, and advanced age alone should not preclude the use of RT in older patients with cancer. Judicious application of advanced RT techniques that facilitate normal tissue sparing and reduce RT doses to organs at risk are important for all patients, and may help to assuage concerns about the risks of RT in older adults. These NCCN Guidelines Insights focus on the recent updates to the 2016 NCCN Guidelines for Older Adult Oncology specific to the use of RT in the management of older adults with cancer.

NCCN: Continuing Education

Accreditation Statement

This activity has been designed to meet the educational needs of physicians, nurses, and pharmacists involved in the management of patients with cancer. There is no fee for this article. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) is accredited by the ACCME to provide continuing medical education for physicians. NCCN designates this journal-based CE activity for a maximum of 1.0 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.

NCCN is accredited as a provider of continuing nursing education by the American Nurses Credentialing Center‘s Commission on Accreditation.

NCCN designates this educational activity for a maximum of 1.0 contact hour. Accreditation as a provider refers to recognition of educational activities only; accredited status does not imply endorsement by NCCN or ANCC of any commercial products discussed/displayed in conjunction with the educational activity. Kristina M. Gregory, RN, MSN, OCN, is our nurse planner for this educational activity.

National Comprehensive Cancer Network is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education as a provider of continuing pharmacy education. NCCN designates this continuing education activity for 1.0 contact hour(s) (0.1 CEUs) of continuing education credit in states that recognize ACPE accredited providers. This is a knowledge-based activity. UAN: 0836-0000-16-011-H01-P

All clinicians completing this activity will be issued a certificate of participation. To participate in this journal CE activity: 1) review the learning objectives and author disclosures; 2) study the education content; 3) take the posttest with a 66% minimum passing score and complete the evaluation at http://education.nccn.org/node/79757; and 4) view/print certificate.

Release date: November 1, 2016; Expiration date: November 1, 2017

Learning Objectives:

Upon completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

  • Integrate into professional practice the updates to NCCN Guidelines for Older Adult Oncology

  • Describe the rationale behind the decision-making process for developing the NCCN Guidelines for Older Adult Oncology

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NCCN Guidelines Insights: Older Adult Oncology, Version 2.2016

Version 2.2016 © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2016, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines® and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN®.

Citation: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network J Natl Compr Canc Netw 14, 11; 10.6004/jnccn.2016.0146

NCCN Categories of Evidence and Consensus

Category 1: Based upon high-level evidence, there is uniform NCCN consensus that the intervention is appropriate.

Category 2A: Based upon lower-level evidence, there is uniform NCCN consensus that the intervention is appropriate.

Category 2B: Based upon lower-level evidence, there is NCCN consensus that the intervention is appropriate.

Category 3: Based upon any level of evidence, there is major NCCN disagreement that the intervention is appropriate.

All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise noted.

Clinical trials: NCCN believes that the best management for any cancer patient is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.

Overview

Cancer is the leading cause of death in women and men aged 60 to 79 years.1 More than 50% of all cancers and more than 70% of cancer-related deaths in the United States occur in patients who are 65 years or older.2 It is estimated that by 2030 approximately 70% of all cancers will be diagnosed in adults aged 65 years or older.3 An aging US population and a greater life expectancy mean that cancer in older adults is becoming an increasingly common problem. Furthermore, older patients with cancer are underrepresented in clinical trials for new cancer therapies.4 Therefore, less evidence-based information exists to guide treatment of these patients. The challenge of managing older patients with cancer is to assess whether the expected benefits of treatment are superior to the risk in a population with decreased life expectancy and decreased tolerance to stress. There are unique issues to consider when caring for an older adult with cancer.

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NCCN Guidelines Insights: Older Adult Oncology, Version 2.2016

Version 2.2016 © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2016, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines® and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN®.

Citation: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network J Natl Compr Canc Netw 14, 11; 10.6004/jnccn.2016.0146

The biologic characteristics of certain cancers and their responsiveness to therapy are different in older patients compared with their younger counterparts.5 In addition, older patients also have decreased tolerance to anticancer therapy. Nevertheless, advanced age alone should not be the only criteria to preclude effective treatment that could improve quality of life or lead to a survival benefit in older patients.6,7

Surgery, radiation therapy (RT), chemotherapy, and targeted therapies should be considered as treatment options for all older patients who are able to tolerate curative treatment. RT can be offered either in the curative or palliative setting.8,9 Available data from the literature indicate that RT can be highly effective and well tolerated, so that age alone need not be a limiting factor.1012 Advanced RT techniques (eg, intensity-modulated RT [IMRT], image-guided RT [IGRT], and stereotactic body RT [SBRT] or stereotactic ablative RT [SABR]) facilitate the delivery of large doses of radiation to small target volumes while limiting the risk of radiation-induced damage to normal surrounding tissues and organs at risk (OAR).13 Judicious application of these techniques may also help assuage concerns about the risks of RT in older adults. Hypofractionated RT may also help improve treatment tolerability by limiting overall treatment time without compromising clinical outcomes in some patients.14

The NCCN Guidelines for Older Adult Oncology address specific issues related to the management of cancer in older adults and provide an approach to decision-making with the application of comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA). In addition, the NCCN Guidelines for Older Adult Oncology also provide age-specific recommendations for the use of surgery, RT, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies for different cancer subtypes. These NCCN Guidelines Insights focus on recent updates to the 2016 NCCN Guidelines for Older Adult Oncology specific to the use of RT in the management of older adults with cancer.

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NCCN Guidelines Insights: Older Adult Oncology, Version 2.2016

Version 2.2016 © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2016, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines® and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN®.

Citation: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network J Natl Compr Canc Netw 14, 11; 10.6004/jnccn.2016.0146

Breast Cancer

RT as a component of breast-conserving therapy after lumpectomy is not always necessary in selected older women with stage I breast cancer. In a study that randomized 636 women (aged ≥70 years) treated with lumpectomy for clinical stage I estrogen receptor–positive breast cancer to either tamoxifen with whole-breast RT or tamoxifen alone, locoregional recurrence was slightly higher among those who did not receive RT.15,16 At the median follow-up of 12.6 years, the 10-year local recurrence rates were 2% and 10%, respectively, for those who received tamoxifen with RT and those who received tamoxifen alone. However, there were no significant differences in time to mastectomy, time to distant metastasis, breast cancer–specific survival, or overall survival (OS) between the groups.16 The 10-year OS rates were 67% and 66%, respectively, and the estimated 10-year breast cancer–specific survival rates were 97% and 98%, respectively. In this study, all patients received adjuvant tamoxifen for 5 years. Results of the recently published PRIME II study led the authors to conclude that because the rate of ipsilateral recurrence is low, omission of whole-breast RT after breast-conserving surgery could be considered for some women aged 65 years or older with early-stage breast cancer.17 In this study, 1,326 women aged 65 years or older who had undergone breast-conserving surgery for early-stage, low-risk breast cancer (hormone receptor–positive, axillary node-negative, T1–T2 up to 3 cm at the longest dimension, and clear margins; either grade 3 tumors or lymphovascular invasion) and receiving adjuvant endocrine treatment were randomized to whole-breast RT and no further treatment. After median follow-up of 5 years, the ipsilateral recurrence rate was 1.3% in women assigned to whole-breast RT and 4.1% for those assigned no RT (P=.0002), with no difference in OS between the groups; the 5-year OS rate was 93.4% in both groups.

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NCCN Guidelines Insights: Older Adult Oncology, Version 2.2016

Version 2.2016 © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2016, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines® and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN®.

Citation: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network J Natl Compr Canc Netw 14, 11; 10.6004/jnccn.2016.0146

The NCCN Guidelines Panel concluded that omission of RT can be considered in women aged 70 years or older with stage I estrogen receptor–positive breast cancer who undergo a lumpectomy with negative margins and who are likely to complete 5 years of endocrine therapy. Given that the PRIME study results are based on the 5-year follow-up,17 the panel concluded that currently there is not enough evidence to extrapolate these results to any patient aged 65 years or older with a life expectancy of greater than 5 years.

Central Nervous System Cancers

Surgery followed by RT in combination with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide is the standard treatment for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) in patients younger than 70 years.18 Recent reports from a global randomized phase III clinical trial confirmed that the addition of concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide to hypofractionated RT (40 Gy in 15 fractions over 3 weeks) is well tolerated and significantly improves OS and progression-free survival (PFS) in older patients with newly diagnosed GBM and good performance status.19 In this trial, 562 patients (aged ≥65 years) were randomized to short-course RT (40 Gy in 15 fractions over 3 weeks) either alone or in combination with concomitant temozolomide plus adjuvant temozolomide until progression or 12 cycles. The median OS and PFS for patients who received short-course RT with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide were 9.3 and 5.3 months respectively, compared with 7.6 and 3.9 months for those who were treated with short-course RT alone (P<.0001).19 Patients with methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) methylated tumors benefited the most from the addition of temozolomide to RT. Earlier reports from other investigators also suggest that the addition of temozolomide to standard RT (60 Gy) or short-course RT (40 Gy in 15 fractions over 3 weeks) can prolong survival with acceptable toxicity in older patients

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NCCN Guidelines Insights: Older Adult Oncology, Version 2.2016

Version 2.2016 © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2016, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines® and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN®.

Citation: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network J Natl Compr Canc Netw 14, 11; 10.6004/jnccn.2016.0146

with GBM.2023 In a phase II trial of 71 patients (≥70 years of age) with newly diagnosed GBM treated with short-course RT (40 Gy in 15 fractions over 3 weeks) in combination with temozolomide, the median OS and PFS were 12.4 and 6 months, and the 1-year OS and PFS rates were 58% and 20%, respectively.20 In a retrospective matched-pair analysis of older patients with newly diagnosed GBM treated with RT alone (n=103) or in combination with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide (n=190), the combined modality treatment prolonged survival in patients older than 70 and 75 years, respectively.21 In patients older than 70 years, the median survival was 7.5 and 3.2 months, respectively, for patients treated with RT and combined modality treatment (P<.0001). In patients older than 75 years, the corresponding median survival was 9.2 and 3.2 months (P<.0001), respectively. In a propensity matched analysis of 127 patients (aged ≥65 years) treated with temozolomide in combination with standard RT or short-course RT, the median OS (12 vs 12.5 months) and PFS (5.6 vs 6.7 months) were similar for both treatment groups.22 However, standard RT was associated with a significant increase in grade 2 and 3 neurologic toxicity and higher posttreatment dosing of corticosteroid. Results from another recent retrospective analysis also showed that the addition of temozolomide to standard or short-course RT resulted in similar OS in patients 65 years or older with newly diagnosed GBM.23

Postoperative RT alone has also been shown to effectively improve clinical outcomes in older patients with GBM.24,25 In a randomized trial, older patients with GBM treated with surgery (≥60 years; n=100) were randomized to either standard-course RT (60 Gy in 30 fractions over 6 weeks) or an abbreviated course of RT (40 Gy in 15 fractions over 3 weeks).24 The median OS was similar for both treatment groups (5.1 months for standard-course RT and 5.6 months for abbreviated-course RT). However, among those who completed RT as planned, more patients who received standard RT

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NCCN Guidelines Insights: Older Adult Oncology, Version 2.2016

Version 2.2016 © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2016, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines® and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN®.

Citation: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network J Natl Compr Canc Netw 14, 11; 10.6004/jnccn.2016.0146

required a posttreatment increase in corticosteroid dosage (49% vs only 23% of those who received shorter-course RT). In a small randomized study that assessed supportive care alone or in combination with RT (50 Gy in 25 daily fractions) in patients aged 70 years or older (n=85), at a median follow-up of 21 weeks, the median survival was longer for those who received supportive care plus postoperative RT compared with supportive care alone (29 and 17 weeks, respectively).25 RT was not associated with severe adverse events and the results of quality-of-life and cognitive evaluations over time also did not differ significantly between the treatment groups.

The NCCN Guidelines Panel recommends that postoperative hypofractionated accelerated-course RT (with the goal of completing treatment in 2–3 weeks) either alone or in combination with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide is a reasonable treatment option for patients aged 70 years or older with newly diagnosed GBM. Hypofractionated accelerated-course RT with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide has been shown to be superior to hypofractionated accelerated-course RT alone in older patients (≥65 years) with newly diagnosed GBM.19 The panel does not recommend withholding temozolomide for older patients with newly diagnosed GBM in the absence of a specific contraindication. MGMT gene promoter methylation status has been identified as a predictive marker for survival benefit in patients treated with temozolomide, which could be useful for the selection of older patients suitable for treatment with temozolomide in combination with RT.2628

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Older patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may benefit from liver resection or transplantation.2931 Available evidence (primarily from retrospective studies) has shown no major difference in outcomes between carefully selected older patients and younger patients with HCC.3236

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NCCN Guidelines Insights: Older Adult Oncology, Version 2.2016

Version 2.2016 © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2016, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines® and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN®.

Citation: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network J Natl Compr Canc Netw 14, 11; 10.6004/jnccn.2016.0146

Available evidence (primarily from nonrandomized clinical trials and retrospective analyses) supports the use of SBRT in the management of patients with unresectable or locally advanced HCC. In a large prospective series of 102 patients with locally advanced HCC and Child-Pugh A liver function treated in sequential phase I and II trials, SBRT resulted in a 1-year local control rate of 87% and median survival of 17 months.37 Most of these patients were at high risk with relatively advanced-stage tumors. Limited safety data are available in patients with Child-Pugh B or poorer liver function.3841 The safety of SBRT for patients with Child-Pugh C cirrhosis has not been established. In a retrospective analysis of 185 patients treated with SBRT at 2 different dose levels (40 Gy in 5 fractions for patients with Child-Pugh A liver function and 35 Gy in 5 fractions for those with Child-Pugh B liver function), the 3-year local control and OS rates were 91% and 70%, respectively, with no significant differences in outcomes between dose levels.41

The panel decided to include a section highlighting the benefit of SBRT for older patients with HCC who may not be able to tolerate liver resection or transplantation and locoregional therapies. The panel recommends that SBRT be considered for those who may not be suitable for liver resection or transplantation due to the presence of comorbidities or compromised performance status. Patients with good liver function (Child-Pugh A) and limited volume of disease are ideal candidates for SBRT, although those with Child-Pugh B cirrhosis can safely be treated with dose modifications and strict dose constraint adherence. Treatment toxicity can be minimized by careful patient selection, appropriate radiation dose, and optimized dosimetry to meet normal tissue constraints.

Lung Cancers

Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Surgical resection and mediastinal lymph node dissection is the standard treatment for patients with

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NCCN Guidelines Insights: Older Adult Oncology, Version 2.2016

Version 2.2016 © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2016, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines® and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN®.

Citation: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network J Natl Compr Canc Netw 14, 11; 10.6004/jnccn.2016.0146

early stage non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). SBRT has recently emerged as an effective treatment option for patients with medically inoperable, early-stage NSCLC, resulting in high rates of local control and OS. The panel reviewed data from retrospective studies and population-based analysis that evaluated the efficacy of SBRT compared with lobectomy in older patients with early-stage NSCLC.4244 A SEER database analysis of 9,093 patients (median age, 75 years) compared the outcomes of lobectomy, sublobar resection, or SABR as a definitive treatment for early-stage, node-negative NSCLC.42 In the propensity score matching analysis, lobectomy and SABR were associated with similar OS and lung cancer–specific survival, suggesting that SBRT may be a good option among patients with very advanced age and multiple comorbidities. In a multi-institutional retrospective analysis of older patients (≥75 years) treated with SBRT for stage I NSCLC, the outcomes in terms of high tumor control and low toxicity were similar to those reported in younger patients.43 The results of a pooled analysis of 2 randomized trials (designed to assess the efficacy of SBRT compared with lobectomy for early-stage NSCLC in operable patients, but which closed due to poor accrual) suggest that SBRT could be an alternative option for early-stage NSCLC in patients who are not surgical candidates. In the intent-to-treat analysis of 58 patients randomly assigned to SBRT and surgery, the estimated 3-year OS rate was 95% in the SBRT group compared with 79% in the surgery group (P=.037). The 3-year recurrence-free survival rates were 86% and 80%, respectively (P=.54).44 Based on these findings, the panel recommends SBRT for patients who are medically inoperable or who decline to have surgery after thoracic surgery evaluation.

In older patients with locally advanced NSCLC, combined modality therapy (concurrent chemotherapy with RT given once or twice daily) has resulted in disease control and survival rates similar to those observed in younger patients; however, toxicities (esophagitis, pneumonitis, and

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NCCN Guidelines Insights: Older Adult Oncology, Version 2.2016

Version 2.2016 © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2016, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines® and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN®.

Citation: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network J Natl Compr Canc Netw 14, 11; 10.6004/jnccn.2016.0146

myelosuppression) were more pronounced in older patients, especially in those with poor performance status.45,46 Combined modality therapy is therefore an effective treatment option for selected fit older patients with locally advanced disease; however, careful attention to the management of toxicities is needed.

Small Cell Lung Cancer

Combined modality therapy is the recommended treatment for patients with limited-stage disease, whereas chemotherapy alone is the standard treatment option for patients with extensive-stage disease. Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) is effective in decreasing the incidence of cerebral metastases in patients with SCLC (limited and extensive stage) responding to initial chemotherapy. A recent report from a pooled analysis of 4 prospective trials showed that PCI was also associated with significant improvement in survival among older patients (aged ≥70 years) with SCLC, and the survival advantage was more significant in patients with extensive-stage SCLC.47 However, PCI is also associated with more adverse events and increased neurotoxicity in older patients compared with younger patients, with older age being the most significant predictor of chronic neurotoxicity.48,49

The panel concluded that patients aged 70 years and older with extensive-stage SCLC that responds to chemotherapy may benefit from PCI. However, given the strong relationship between declining cognitive function and age, the panel emphasized that patients with poor performance status or impaired neurocognitive functioning should not be treated with PCI.

Prostate Cancer

The use of long-term androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in combination with RT is an effective treatment option (associated with improved cancer-specific survival and OS) for all patients with high-risk

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NCCN Guidelines Insights: Older Adult Oncology, Version 2.2016

Version 2.2016 © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2016, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines® and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN®.

Citation: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network J Natl Compr Canc Netw 14, 11; 10.6004/jnccn.2016.0146

prostate cancer. However, the significant side effects of long-term ADT (increased risk of fracture due to osteoporosis, glucose intolerance, and thromboembolic events) are of particular concern in older men, who often present with multiple comorbidities.5052 The efficacy of short-course ADT (4–6 months) in combination with RT for locally advanced prostate cancer has also been demonstrated in randomized clinical trials.5356 In one randomized trial (that also assessed the interaction between the level of comorbidity and treatment), the survival benefit associated with the addition of 6 months of ADT to RT was restricted only to men without moderate or severe comorbidity.53 A report from another study also suggests that a 6-month course of ADT produces long-term testosterone suppression, which may provide the cancer-specific survival benefit observed with long-term hormonal therapy in men of advanced age.57

Based on these findings, the panel concluded that for men of advanced age with high-risk prostate cancer and moderate-to-severe comorbidity, a shorter course (4–6 months) of ADT with RT can be considered over a longer course (28–36 months).

NCCN Recommendations

The decision to offer RT to older patients with cancer should be based on the following factors: (1) evaluation of the benefits and risks associated with RT; (2) careful consideration of the patient's underlying functional reserve; and (3) an understanding of the differences in the biology of cancers and their responsiveness to therapy in this patient population. Treatment should be individualized based on the nature of the disease and the performance status of the patient.

  • Omission of RT (after lumpectomy with negative margins) can be considered for selected older women with stage I estrogen receptor–positive breast cancer who are likely to complete 5 years of endocrine therapy.

  • Hypofractionated accelerated-course RT (either alone or in combination with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide) is a reasonable treatment option for patients aged 70 years or older with newly diagnosed GBM. Hypofractionated accelerated-course RT with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide is superior to hypofractionated accelerated-course RT alone in older patients (≥65 years) with newly diagnosed GBM.

  • SBRT should be considered for older patients with HCC, particularly for those with comorbidities or a compromised performance status, who may not be suitable for liver resection or transplantation and locoregional therapies.

  • SBRT is also recommended for early-stage NSCLC in older patients who are medically inoperable or who decline to have surgery after thoracic surgery evaluation.

  • Older patients with extensive-stage SCLC and response to chemotherapy may benefit from PCI; however, it should not be used for patients with poor performance status or impaired neurocognitive functioning.

  • Shorter-course ADT with RT can be considered over longer-course ADT in older men with high-risk prostate cancer and moderate-to-severe comorbidity.

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Provided content development and/or authorship assistance.

These authors contributed equally.

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    NCCN Guidelines Insights: Older Adult Oncology, Version 2.2016

    Version 2.2016 © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2016, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines® and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN®.

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    NCCN Guidelines Insights: Older Adult Oncology, Version 2.2016

    Version 2.2016 © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2016, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines® and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN®.

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    NCCN Guidelines Insights: Older Adult Oncology, Version 2.2016

    Version 2.2016 © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2016, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines® and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN®.

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    NCCN Guidelines Insights: Older Adult Oncology, Version 2.2016

    Version 2.2016 © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2016, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines® and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN®.

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    NCCN Guidelines Insights: Older Adult Oncology, Version 2.2016

    Version 2.2016 © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2016, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines® and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN®.

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    NCCN Guidelines Insights: Older Adult Oncology, Version 2.2016

    Version 2.2016 © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2016, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines® and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN®.

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    NCCN Guidelines Insights: Older Adult Oncology, Version 2.2016

    Version 2.2016 © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2016, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines® and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN®.

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    NCCN Guidelines Insights: Older Adult Oncology, Version 2.2016

    Version 2.2016 © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2016, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines® and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN®.

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    NCCN Guidelines Insights: Older Adult Oncology, Version 2.2016

    Version 2.2016 © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2016, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines® and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN®.

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    NCCN Guidelines Insights: Older Adult Oncology, Version 2.2016

    Version 2.2016 © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2016, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines® and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN®.

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