Anal Carcinoma, Version 2.2012

Featured Updates to the NCCN Guidelines

Authors:
Al B. Benson III From Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Fox Chase Cancer Center; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital/University of Tennessee Cancer Institute; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at The Nebraska Medical Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Fight Colorectal Cancer; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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J. Pablo Arnoletti From Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Fox Chase Cancer Center; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital/University of Tennessee Cancer Institute; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at The Nebraska Medical Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Fight Colorectal Cancer; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Tanios Bekaii-Saab From Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Fox Chase Cancer Center; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital/University of Tennessee Cancer Institute; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at The Nebraska Medical Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Fight Colorectal Cancer; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Emily Chan From Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Fox Chase Cancer Center; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital/University of Tennessee Cancer Institute; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at The Nebraska Medical Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Fight Colorectal Cancer; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Yi-Jen Chen From Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Fox Chase Cancer Center; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital/University of Tennessee Cancer Institute; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at The Nebraska Medical Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Fight Colorectal Cancer; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Michael A. Choti From Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Fox Chase Cancer Center; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital/University of Tennessee Cancer Institute; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at The Nebraska Medical Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Fight Colorectal Cancer; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Harry S. Cooper From Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Fox Chase Cancer Center; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital/University of Tennessee Cancer Institute; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at The Nebraska Medical Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Fight Colorectal Cancer; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Raza A. Dilawari From Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Fox Chase Cancer Center; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital/University of Tennessee Cancer Institute; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at The Nebraska Medical Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Fight Colorectal Cancer; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Paul F. Engstrom From Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Fox Chase Cancer Center; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital/University of Tennessee Cancer Institute; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at The Nebraska Medical Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Fight Colorectal Cancer; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Peter C. Enzinger From Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Fox Chase Cancer Center; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital/University of Tennessee Cancer Institute; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at The Nebraska Medical Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Fight Colorectal Cancer; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Marwan G. Fakih From Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Fox Chase Cancer Center; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital/University of Tennessee Cancer Institute; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at The Nebraska Medical Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Fight Colorectal Cancer; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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James W. Fleshman Jr. From Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Fox Chase Cancer Center; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital/University of Tennessee Cancer Institute; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at The Nebraska Medical Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Fight Colorectal Cancer; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Charles S. Fuchs From Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Fox Chase Cancer Center; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital/University of Tennessee Cancer Institute; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at The Nebraska Medical Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Fight Colorectal Cancer; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Jean L. Grem From Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Fox Chase Cancer Center; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital/University of Tennessee Cancer Institute; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at The Nebraska Medical Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Fight Colorectal Cancer; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Lucille A. Leong From Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Fox Chase Cancer Center; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital/University of Tennessee Cancer Institute; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at The Nebraska Medical Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Fight Colorectal Cancer; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Edward Lin From Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Fox Chase Cancer Center; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital/University of Tennessee Cancer Institute; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at The Nebraska Medical Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Fight Colorectal Cancer; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Kilian Salerno May From Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Fox Chase Cancer Center; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital/University of Tennessee Cancer Institute; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at The Nebraska Medical Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Fight Colorectal Cancer; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Mary F. Mulcahy From Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Fox Chase Cancer Center; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital/University of Tennessee Cancer Institute; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at The Nebraska Medical Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Fight Colorectal Cancer; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Kate Murphy From Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Fox Chase Cancer Center; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital/University of Tennessee Cancer Institute; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at The Nebraska Medical Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Fight Colorectal Cancer; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Eric Rohren From Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Fox Chase Cancer Center; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital/University of Tennessee Cancer Institute; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at The Nebraska Medical Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Fight Colorectal Cancer; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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David P. Ryan From Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Fox Chase Cancer Center; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital/University of Tennessee Cancer Institute; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at The Nebraska Medical Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Fight Colorectal Cancer; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Leonard Saltz From Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Fox Chase Cancer Center; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital/University of Tennessee Cancer Institute; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at The Nebraska Medical Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Fight Colorectal Cancer; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Sunil Sharma From Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Fox Chase Cancer Center; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital/University of Tennessee Cancer Institute; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at The Nebraska Medical Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Fight Colorectal Cancer; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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David Shibata From Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Fox Chase Cancer Center; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital/University of Tennessee Cancer Institute; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at The Nebraska Medical Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Fight Colorectal Cancer; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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John M. Skibber From Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Fox Chase Cancer Center; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital/University of Tennessee Cancer Institute; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at The Nebraska Medical Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Fight Colorectal Cancer; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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William Small Jr. From Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Fox Chase Cancer Center; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital/University of Tennessee Cancer Institute; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at The Nebraska Medical Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Fight Colorectal Cancer; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Constantinos T. Sofocleous From Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Fox Chase Cancer Center; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital/University of Tennessee Cancer Institute; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at The Nebraska Medical Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Fight Colorectal Cancer; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Alan P. Venook From Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Fox Chase Cancer Center; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital/University of Tennessee Cancer Institute; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at The Nebraska Medical Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Fight Colorectal Cancer; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Christopher Willett From Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Fox Chase Cancer Center; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital/University of Tennessee Cancer Institute; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at The Nebraska Medical Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Fight Colorectal Cancer; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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Deborah A. Freedman-Cass From Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Fox Chase Cancer Center; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital/University of Tennessee Cancer Institute; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at The Nebraska Medical Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Fight Colorectal Cancer; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

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The workup and management of squamous cell anal carcinoma, which represents the most common histologic form of the disease, are addressed in the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for Anal Carcinoma. These NCCN Guidelines Insights provide a summary of major discussion points of the 2012 NCCN Anal Carcinoma Panel meeting. In summary, the panel made 4 significant changes to the 2012 NCCN Guidelines for Anal Carcinoma: 1) local radiation therapy was added as an option for the treatment of patients with metastatic disease; 2) multifield technique is now preferred over anteroposterior-posteroanterior (AP-PA) technique for radiation delivery and the AP-PA technique is no longer recommended as the standard of care; 3) PET/CT should now be considered for radiation therapy planning; and 4) a section on risk reduction was added to the discussion section. In addition, the panel discussed the use of PET/CT for the workup of anal canal cancer and decided to maintain the recommendation that it can be considered in this setting. They also discussed the use of PET/CT for the workup of anal margin cancer and for the assessment of treatment response. They reaffirmed their recommendation that PET/CT is not appropriate in these settings.

F1

Anal Carcinoma, Version 2.2012 Version 2.2012 © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2012, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.

Citation: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network J Natl Compr Canc Netw 10, 4; 10.6004/jnccn.2012.0046

NCCN Categories of Evidence and Consensus

Category 1: Based upon high-level evidence, there is uniform NCCN consensus that the intervention is appropriate.

Category 2A: Based upon lower-level evidence, there is uniform NCCN consensus that the intervention is appropriate.

Category 2B: Based upon lower-level evidence, there is NCCN consensus that the intervention is appropriate.

Category 3: Based upon any level of evidence, there is major NCCN disagreement that the intervention is appropriate.

All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise noted.

Clinical trials: NCCN believes that the best management for any cancer patient is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.

Overview

An estimated 6230 new cases (2250 in men and 3980 in women) of anal cancer involving the anus, anal canal, or anorectum will occur in the United States in 2012, accounting for approximately 2.2% of digestive system cancers.1 It is also estimated that 780 deaths from anal cancer will occur in the United States in 2012. Although considered to be a rare type of cancer, the incidence rate of invasive anal carcinoma in the United States increased by approximately 1.9-fold for men and 1.5-fold for women from 1973–1979, to 1994–2000.2 Anal carcinoma has been associated with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection (anogenital warts); receptive anal intercourse or sexually transmitted disease; cervical, vulvar, or vaginal cancer; immunosuppression after solid organ transplantation or HIV infection; hematologic malignancies; certain autoimmune disorders; and smoking.39 The association between anal carcinoma and persistent infection with a high-risk form of HPV (e.g., HPV-16/-18) is especially strong.4,10,11 Results of a systematic review of 35 peer-reviewed studies that included detection of HPV DNA showed the prevalence of HPV-16/-18 to be 72% in patients with invasive anal cancer.11 Suppression of the immune system through the use of immunosuppressive drugs or HIV infection is likely to facilitate persistence of HPV infection of the anal region.12,13 In the HIV-infected population, the standardized incidence rate of anal carcinoma per 100,000 person-years in the United States, estimated to be 19.0 in 1992–1995, increased to 78.2 during 2000–2003.14 This result likely reflects both the survival benefits of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and the lack of an impact of HAART on the progression of anal cancer precursors.

F2

The workup and management of squamous cell anal carcinoma, which represents the most common histologic form of the disease, are addressed in the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for Anal Carcinoma (the NCCN Guidelines are available online at www.NCCN.org). A summary of major discussion points of the 2012 NCCN Anal Carcinoma Panel meeting follows. In addition, a section on risk reduction that was added to the 2012 discussion of the Guidelines is included.

Risk Reduction

High-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) is a precursor to anal cancer,15,16 and therefore treatment of high-grade AIN may prevent the development of anal cancer. AIN can be identified through cytology, HPV testing, digital rectal examination, high-resolution anoscopy, and/or biopsy.17,18 However, routine screening for AIN, even in high-risk individuals, such as those who are HIV-positive or men who have sex with men, is controversial because of the lack of randomized controlled trials showing that these screening programs are efficacious at reducing anal cancer incidence and mortality.1921

F3

A quadrivalent HPV vaccine is available and has been shown to be effective in women for preventing persistent cervical infection with HPV-6, -11, -16, or -18, and preventing high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia related to these strains of the virus.2224 A recent substudy of a larger double-blind study assessed the efficacy of the vaccine for preventing AIN and anal cancer related to infection with HPV-6, -11, -16, or -18 in men who have sex with men.25 In this study, 602 healthy men who have sex with men, aged 16 to 26 years, were randomized to receive the vaccine or a placebo. Although none of the participants in either arm developed anal cancer during the 3-year follow-up period, 5 cases of grade 2/3 vaccine strain–associated AIN in the vaccine arm and 24 cases in the placebo arm in the per-protocol population, giving an observed efficacy of 77.5% (95% CI, 39.6–93.3). Because high-grade AINs are known to have the ability to progress to anal cancer,15,16 these results suggest that use of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine in men who have sex with men is likely to significantly reduce the risk of anal cancer in this population.

A bivalent HPV vaccine against HPV-16 and -18 is also available.26 In a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of women in Costa Rica, the vaccine was 83.6% effective against initial anal HPV-16/-18 infection (95% CI, 66.7–92.8).27 The effect of this vaccine on precancerous anal lesions has not yet been reported.

Local Radiation for Metastatic Disease

For the 2012 version of the NCCN Guidelines for Anal Carcinoma, the panel added local radiation therapy (RT) as an option for treatment of patients with metastatic disease (see ANAL-1 and ANAL-2). During the review of the 2011 NCCN Guidelines that preceded the 2012 panel meeting, a comment was made that many clinicians might consider adding RT for local control in the case of a symptomatic bulky primary and metastatic disease. Although none of the panelists disagreed with the appropriateness of using local RT as palliation in these cases, they disagreed on when it is best given. Many panelists stated that they prefer to administer chemotherapy first, because many patients have rapid relief of symptoms as their primary tumor responds to the systemic treatment. They pointed out that chemotherapy-naïve patients, in particular, have very high response rates to chemotherapy. These panel members would reserve RT with additional chemotherapy for patients whose disease failed to respond to systemic therapy, sparing many patients the morbidities associated with RT. Other panelists commented that they see higher response rates to combined modality chemotherapy with radiation (chemoRT) than to chemotherapy alone. These panelists would therefore prefer to begin treatment of symptomatic patients with chemoRT to provide relief of extreme rectal discomfort as quickly as possible.

The panel listed the new recommendation as “cisplatin-based chemotherapy +/- RT” for treatment of metastatic disease. They added a statement to the footnote associated with this recommendation to stress that this RT is for the primary tumor, not the metastases. The panel also emphasized that RT, if given, is intended for palliation only and is best administered with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)–based chemotherapy with a platinum agent.

Updates to Principles of Radiation

The panel made 2 significant updates to the Principles of Radiation section of the 2012 NCCN Guidelines for Anal Carcinoma (see ANAL-B).

Radiation Delivery Technique

During the review that preceded the panel meeting, a reviewer questioned the continued listing of the anteroposterior-posteroanterior (AP-PA) technique for radiation delivery. The panel agreed that this recommendation is outdated and that the AP-PA technique is no longer the standard of care. The original recommendation was based on the RTOG 98-11 trial, the protocol for which was written more than 10 years ago.28 That trial also allowed for treatment using multifield techniques, and the panel unanimously agreed that multifield technique is preferred over the AP-PA technique.

PET/CT for Treatment Planning

The panel also discussed the use of PET/CT for RT planning, based on a reviewer’s comment. Considerable controversy surrounded this issue. Importantly, the uptake of the radiolabeled sugar (18F-fluorodeoxyglucose) used in PET/CT scans is not specific for malignancy and can be taken up by normal tissue, for instance during inflammation, infection, or injury.29 Some panelists expressed concern that a suspicious lymph node might appear on PET/CT that had not been palpated. They stated that these nodes cannot be assumed nor are likely to be clinically significant (containing metastatic disease), and that excisional biopsy may lead to a delay of treatment. Other panelists disagreed that a small excision would significantly delay chemoRT. Because the radiation oncologists on the panel pointed out that PET/CT can provide valuable information to aid in treatment plans, and because all panelists agreed that a core needle biopsy could be performed on suspicious nodes without delaying treatment initiation, the panel decided to add the statement that “PET/CT should be considered for treatment planning.”

PET/CT for Assessment of Treatment Response

The panel discussed the use of PET/CT during 3 different stages in the management of anal carcinoma: workup, response assessment, and treatment planning. As discussed in the section on Updates to Principles of Radiation, the panel agreed that PET/CT should be considered for RT planning. In addition, the panel reaffirmed that PET/CT scans can be considered in the workup of anal canal cancer but are not appropriate for use during the workup of anal margin cancer.

The discussion about PET/CT use for the assessment of treatment response engendered some controversy. As with the use of PET/CT for treatment planning, some panelists are concerned about the risks associated with the identification of positive lymph nodes that had not been found on clinical examination. The panelists agreed that these nodes cannot be assumed to be clinically significant, and many panelists expressed concern that some patients may be inappropriately given salvage surgery for responding disease that is mistaken for progressive or persistent disease. Therefore, the panel decided not to recommend PET/CT for the assessment of treatment response.

Summary of the 2012 NCCN Guidelines for Anal Carcinoma Recommendations

The NCCN Anal Carcinoma Panel believes that a multidisciplinary approach, including physicians from gastroenterology, medical oncology, surgical oncology, radiation oncology, and radiology, is necessary for treating patients with anal carcinoma. Recommendations for the primary treatment of anal margin cancer and anal canal cancer are very similar and include continuous-infusion 5-FU/mitomycin–based RT in most cases. The exception is for small, well-differentiated anal margin lesions, which can be treated with margin-negative local excision alone. Follow-up clinical evaluations are recommended for all patients with anal carcinoma, because salvage is possible. Patients with biopsy-proven evidence of locoregional progressive or recurrent disease after primary treatment should undergo an abdomino-perineal resection. Patients with a regional recurrence in the inguinal nodes can be treated with an inguinal node dissection, with consideration of RT with or without chemotherapy if no prior RT to the groin was given. Patients with evidence of extrapelvic metastatic disease should be treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy or enrolled in a clinical trial. The panel endorses the concept that treating patients in a clinical trial has priority over standard or accepted therapy.

References

  • 1

    Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin 2012;62:1029.

  • 2

    Johnson LG, Madeleine MM, Newcomer LM et al.. Anal cancer incidence and survival: the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results experience, 1973–2000. Cancer 2004;101:281288.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 3

    Daling JR, Madeleine MM, Johnson LG et al.. Human papillomavirus, smoking, and sexual practices in the etiology of anal cancer. Cancer 2004;101:270280.

  • 4

    Frisch M, Glimelius B, van den Brule AJ et al.. Sexually transmitted infection as a cause of anal cancer. N Engl J Med 1997;337:13501358.

  • 5

    Jimenez W, Paszat L, Kupets R et al.. Presumed previous human papillomavirus (HPV) related gynecological cancer in women diagnosed with anal cancer in the province of Ontario. Gynecol Oncol 2009;114:395398.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 6

    Ryan DP, Compton CC, Mayer RJ. Carcinoma of the anal canal. N Engl J Med 2000;342:792800.

  • 7

    Sunesen KG, Norgaard M, Thorlacius-Ussing O, Laurberg S. Immunosuppressive disorders and risk of anal squamous cell carcinoma: a nationwide cohort study in Denmark, 1978–2005. Int J Cancer 2010;127:675684.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 8

    Frisch M, Biggar RJ, Goedert JJ. Human papillomavirus-associated cancers in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:15001510.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 9

    Uronis HE, Bendell JC. Anal cancer: an overview. Oncologist 2007;12:524534.

  • 10

    De Vuyst H, Clifford GM, Nascimento MC et al.. Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva, vagina and anus: a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 2009;124:16261636.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 11

    Hoots BE, Palefsky JM, Pimenta JM, Smith JS. Human papillomavirus type distribution in anal cancer and anal intraepithelial lesions. Int J Cancer 2009;124:23752383.

  • 12

    Palefsky JM, Holly EA, Ralston ML, Jay N. Prevalence and risk factors for human papillomavirus infection of the anal canal in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative homosexual men. J Infect Dis 1998;177:361367.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 13

    Patel HS, Silver AR, Northover JM. Anal cancer in renal transplant patients. Int J Colorectal Dis 2007;22:15.

  • 14

    Patel P, Hanson DL, Sullivan PS et al.. Incidence of types of cancer among HIV-infected persons compared with the general population in the United States, 1992–2003. Ann Intern Med 2008;148:728736.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 15

    Scholefield JH, Castle MT, Watson NF. Malignant transformation of high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia. Br J Surg 2005;92:11331136.

  • 16

    Watson AJ, Smith BB, Whitehead MR et al.. Malignant progression of anal intra-epithelial neoplasia. ANZ J Surg 2006;76:715717.

  • 17

    Berry JM, Palefsky JM, Jay N et al.. Performance characteristics of anal cytology and human papillomavirus testing in patients with high-resolution anoscopy-guided biopsy of high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia. Dis Colon Rectum 2009;52:239247.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 18

    Jay N. Elements of an anal dysplasia screening program. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2011;22:465477.

  • 19

    Park IU, Palefsky JM. Evaluation and management of anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-negative and HIV-positive men who have sex with men. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2010;12:126133.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 20

    Roark R. The need for anal dysplasia screening and treatment programs for HIV-infected men who have sex with men: a review of the literature. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2011;22:433443.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 21

    Scholefield JH, Harris D, Radcliffe A. Guidelines for management of anal intraepithelial neoplasia. Colorectal Dis 2011;13(Suppl 1):310.

  • 22

    Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent high-grade cervical lesions. N Engl J Med 2007;356:19151927.

  • 23

    Dillner J, Kjaer SK, Wheeler CM et al.. Four year efficacy of prophylactic human papillomavirus quadrivalent vaccine against low grade cervical, vulvar, and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia and anogenital warts: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2010;341:c3493.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 24

    Garland SM, Hernandez-Avila M, Wheeler CM et al.. Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent anogenital diseases. N Engl J Med 2007;356:19281943.

  • 25

    Palefsky JM, Giuliano AR, Goldstone S et al.. HPV vaccine against anal HPV infection and anal intraepithelial neoplasia. N Engl J Med 2011;365:15761585.

  • 26

    FDA licensure of bivalent human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV2, Cervarix) for use in females and updated HPV vaccination recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2010;59:626629.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 27

    Kreimer AR, Gonzalez P, Katki HA et al.. Efficacy of a bivalent HPV 16/18 vaccine against anal HPV 16/18 infection among young women: a nested analysis within the Costa Rica Vaccine Trial. Lancet Oncol 2011;12:862870.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 28

    Ajani JA, Winter KA, Gunderson LL et al.. Fluorouracil, mitomycin, and radiotherapy vs fluorouracil, cisplatin, and radiotherapy for carcinoma of the anal canal: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008;299:19141921.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 29

    Rosenbaum SJ, Lind T, Antoch G, Bockisch A. False-positive FDG PET uptake—the role of PET/CT. Eur Radiol 2006;16:10541065.

  • Collapse
  • Expand
  • Anal Carcinoma, Version 2.2012 Version 2.2012 © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2012, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.

  • 1

    Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin 2012;62:1029.

  • 2

    Johnson LG, Madeleine MM, Newcomer LM et al.. Anal cancer incidence and survival: the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results experience, 1973–2000. Cancer 2004;101:281288.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 3

    Daling JR, Madeleine MM, Johnson LG et al.. Human papillomavirus, smoking, and sexual practices in the etiology of anal cancer. Cancer 2004;101:270280.

  • 4

    Frisch M, Glimelius B, van den Brule AJ et al.. Sexually transmitted infection as a cause of anal cancer. N Engl J Med 1997;337:13501358.

  • 5

    Jimenez W, Paszat L, Kupets R et al.. Presumed previous human papillomavirus (HPV) related gynecological cancer in women diagnosed with anal cancer in the province of Ontario. Gynecol Oncol 2009;114:395398.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 6

    Ryan DP, Compton CC, Mayer RJ. Carcinoma of the anal canal. N Engl J Med 2000;342:792800.

  • 7

    Sunesen KG, Norgaard M, Thorlacius-Ussing O, Laurberg S. Immunosuppressive disorders and risk of anal squamous cell carcinoma: a nationwide cohort study in Denmark, 1978–2005. Int J Cancer 2010;127:675684.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 8

    Frisch M, Biggar RJ, Goedert JJ. Human papillomavirus-associated cancers in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:15001510.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 9

    Uronis HE, Bendell JC. Anal cancer: an overview. Oncologist 2007;12:524534.

  • 10

    De Vuyst H, Clifford GM, Nascimento MC et al.. Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva, vagina and anus: a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 2009;124:16261636.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 11

    Hoots BE, Palefsky JM, Pimenta JM, Smith JS. Human papillomavirus type distribution in anal cancer and anal intraepithelial lesions. Int J Cancer 2009;124:23752383.

  • 12

    Palefsky JM, Holly EA, Ralston ML, Jay N. Prevalence and risk factors for human papillomavirus infection of the anal canal in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative homosexual men. J Infect Dis 1998;177:361367.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 13

    Patel HS, Silver AR, Northover JM. Anal cancer in renal transplant patients. Int J Colorectal Dis 2007;22:15.

  • 14

    Patel P, Hanson DL, Sullivan PS et al.. Incidence of types of cancer among HIV-infected persons compared with the general population in the United States, 1992–2003. Ann Intern Med 2008;148:728736.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 15

    Scholefield JH, Castle MT, Watson NF. Malignant transformation of high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia. Br J Surg 2005;92:11331136.

  • 16

    Watson AJ, Smith BB, Whitehead MR et al.. Malignant progression of anal intra-epithelial neoplasia. ANZ J Surg 2006;76:715717.

  • 17

    Berry JM, Palefsky JM, Jay N et al.. Performance characteristics of anal cytology and human papillomavirus testing in patients with high-resolution anoscopy-guided biopsy of high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia. Dis Colon Rectum 2009;52:239247.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 18

    Jay N. Elements of an anal dysplasia screening program. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2011;22:465477.

  • 19

    Park IU, Palefsky JM. Evaluation and management of anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-negative and HIV-positive men who have sex with men. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2010;12:126133.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 20

    Roark R. The need for anal dysplasia screening and treatment programs for HIV-infected men who have sex with men: a review of the literature. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2011;22:433443.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 21

    Scholefield JH, Harris D, Radcliffe A. Guidelines for management of anal intraepithelial neoplasia. Colorectal Dis 2011;13(Suppl 1):310.

  • 22

    Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent high-grade cervical lesions. N Engl J Med 2007;356:19151927.

  • 23

    Dillner J, Kjaer SK, Wheeler CM et al.. Four year efficacy of prophylactic human papillomavirus quadrivalent vaccine against low grade cervical, vulvar, and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia and anogenital warts: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2010;341:c3493.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 24

    Garland SM, Hernandez-Avila M, Wheeler CM et al.. Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent anogenital diseases. N Engl J Med 2007;356:19281943.

  • 25

    Palefsky JM, Giuliano AR, Goldstone S et al.. HPV vaccine against anal HPV infection and anal intraepithelial neoplasia. N Engl J Med 2011;365:15761585.

  • 26

    FDA licensure of bivalent human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV2, Cervarix) for use in females and updated HPV vaccination recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2010;59:626629.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 27

    Kreimer AR, Gonzalez P, Katki HA et al.. Efficacy of a bivalent HPV 16/18 vaccine against anal HPV 16/18 infection among young women: a nested analysis within the Costa Rica Vaccine Trial. Lancet Oncol 2011;12:862870.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 28

    Ajani JA, Winter KA, Gunderson LL et al.. Fluorouracil, mitomycin, and radiotherapy vs fluorouracil, cisplatin, and radiotherapy for carcinoma of the anal canal: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008;299:19141921.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 29

    Rosenbaum SJ, Lind T, Antoch G, Bockisch A. False-positive FDG PET uptake—the role of PET/CT. Eur Radiol 2006;16:10541065.

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