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OS Munro AJ Tannock IF . Bone metastases: pathophysiology and management policy . J Clin Oncol 1991 ; 9 : 509 – 524 . 7 Coleman RE Smith P Rubens RD . Clinical course and prognostic factors following bone recurrence from breast cancer

clinical cervical lymph node involvement is as high as 75%, and additional occult metastases may be present. 10 , 11 Clinical complaints, including respiratory difficulty, hoarseness, and dysphagia, are present in approximately 15% of patients with

Due to advances in immunotherapies and targeted agents, systemic therapies play an integral role in the up-front management of brain metastases in melanoma. At the same time, the choices for molecular testing have proliferated, particularly gene

2003 to 2009. 1 At presentation, 25% of patients will demonstrate metastases, and 25% who undergo nephrectomy for localized disease will ultimately develop recurrent or metastatic tumor. 1 Targeted therapies directed against vascular endothelial

recommended if signs or symptoms of possible distant metastases are present. Diagnostic chest CT is recommended if pulmonary symptoms are present at diagnosis. Several other societies have published similar guidelines. In 2012, ASCO addressed the rising

Bone metastases are common in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), occurring in 25.5% to 38.5% of patients with extrahepatic disease. 1 – 5 As such, major practice guidelines, including those of NCCN, acknowledge the need to evaluate for HCC bone

J Gastroenterol 2005 ; 11 : 7676 – 7683 . 7 Sutcliffe R Maguire D Ramage J . Management of neuroendocrine liver metastases . Am J Surg 2004 ; 187 : 39 – 46 . 8 Pichlmayr R Weimann A Oldhafer KJ . Appraisal of

More than 20% of patients with cancer will develop brain metastases. 1 Primary malignancies most commonly associated with brain metastases are lung, breast, and gastrointestinal cancers and melanoma, constituting up to 80% of brain metastases. 1

for melanoma metastases to the lung, liver, subcutaneous and peritoneal tissue, and lymph nodes. The objective response appears to be highest for smaller metastatic lesions and those to the lung, with the most variable responses seen in the liver. 11

Background Brain metastases (BMs) are the most common intracranial malignancy, occurring in 20% to 40% of all patients with cancer. 1 Each year, >150,000 people are diagnosed with BMs in the United States. 2 The incidence rate of BMs is estimated