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is ipilumumab, an mAb-targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), previously shown to improve survival in metastatic melanoma. 5 Combining ipilumumab with nivolumab (targeting programmed death [PD]-1) improved the response rate

modulated by other receptor-ligand interactions between the 2 cells. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) are 2 examples of receptors on T cells that, upon ligand binding, trigger a signaling cascade that

. For example, CTLA-4 is another immune checkpoint protein that is expressed on T cells (mostly T-regulatory cells) to downregulate immune responses and mediates tumor immune escape. 32 – 34 Furthermore, anti–CTLA-4 in addition to anti–PD-1/L1 has been

immune checkpoint blockade. One study reported on 44 patients (80% of whom had received prior systemic agents) treated with nivolumab plus ipilimumab, the latter being a CTLA-4 blocker; CTLA-4 is another distinct checkpoint on the immune cell. The median

patients treated with combination ICI (anti–CTLA-4 and anti–PD-1) therapy. It develops early in the course of treatment and is unpredictable. Early analysis shows a 50% mortality for this fulminant condition. The main risk factor we can identify is the

, 14 To counteract the increase in infiltrating immune cells, POLE -mutated and MSI tumors (hypermutated phenotype) upregulate expression of immune checkpoints, including PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4, as evidenced in our case; this phenomenon renders these

patient wants to know more? That alone might eliminate several pages from each document. Another example is the risk associated with checkpoint inhibitors, such as CTLA-4 inhibitors or PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors. The last consent document I looked at

progressing on or following prior treatment (that did not include a checkpoint inhibitor like PD-1i, PDL-1i, or CTLA4i) and who have no satisfactory alternative treatment options. Prior use of immuno-oncology therapy in these patients will make them

Treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) continues to transform oncology and includes antibodies against CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1. Anticancer benefit has been shown across multiple solid tumor malignancies as well as in some hematologic

inhibitor alone or in combination with a CTLA-4 inhibitor. In addition, 5 of the lymphoma studies evaluated gene-modified stem cell trials with or without cytotoxic chemotherapy, with 1 phase I/II allogeneic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)–specific cytotoxic T