resection of the primary tumor, in consideration of postoperative recurrence and poor prognosis due to the high rate of occult cervical metastasis in early OSCC. 13 Because of the lack of consensus in characteristics, study populations, and patient
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Alimujiang Wushou, Meng Wang, Feiluore Yibulayin, Lei Feng, Meng-meng Lu, Yuan Luo, Hui Liu, and Zhi-cheng Yang
Ashwin Rao, Nicole E. Rich, Jorge A. Marrero, Adam C. Yopp, and Amit G. Singal
, characteristic imaging [LI-RADS 5] or histopathologic confirmation). 25 We excluded patients (1) with liver masses without characteristic imaging or histology, (2) for whom the date of HCC presentation and/or diagnosis could not be ascertained from the
Nalan Nese, Ruta Gupta, Matthew H. T. Bui, and Mahul B. Amin
Edited by Kerrin G. Robinson
Carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the urinary bladder is defined as a flat lesion comprising of cytologically malignant cells which may involve either full or partial thickness of the urothelium. De novo CIS constitutes less than 3% of all urothelial neoplasms; however, CIS detected concurrently or secondarily during follow-up of urothelial carcinoma constitutes 45% and 90%, respectively, of bladder cancer. CIS is noted predominantly in male smokers in the sixth or seventh decade. Patients may present with dysuria, nocturia, and urinary frequency and urgency with microscopic hematuria. Cystoscopic findings may range from unremarkable to erythema or edema. Urine cytology is an important diagnostic tool. Cellular anaplasia, loss of polarity, discohesion, nuclear enlargement, hyperchromasia, pleomorphism, and atypical mitoses are the histopathologic hallmarks of CIS. Extensive denud ation of the urothelium, monomorphic appearance of the neoplastic cells, inflammatory atypia, radiation induced nuclear smudging, multinucleation, and pagetoid spread of CIS may cause diagnostic difficulties. Together with clinical and morphologic correlation, immunostaining with CK 20, p53 (full thickness), and CD44 (absence of staining) may help accurately diagnose CIS. Fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis of voided urine for amplification of chromosomes 3, 7, and 17 and deletion of 9p has high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing CIS in surveillance cases. Several other molecular markers, such as NMP 22 and BTA, are under evaluation or used variably in clinical pathology. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) instillation is considered the preferred treatment, with radical cystectomy being offered to refractory cases. Chemotherapy, α-interferon, and photodynamic therapy are other modalities that can be considered in BCG-refractory cases. Multifocality, involvement of prostatic urethra, and response to BCG remain the most important prognostic factors, although newer molecular markers are being evaluated for this entity. Patient outcome varies based on whether it is de novo development or diagnosed secondary to prior or concomitant papillary bladder cancer. From a clinical perspective, the principal determinants of outcome are extent of disease, involvement of prostatic urethra, response to therapy, and time to recurrence.
Daniel Simmons, Yang Xiao, Corina Roca, Zhuoxin Jiang, and Marnie Boron
Ran Jin, Neil Accortt, Darcie Sandschafer, Tatiana Lawrence, and Reshma Mahtani
Laura Bourdeanu, Thehang Luu, Norma Baker, Suzanne Swain-Cabriales, Cathie T. Chung, Joanne Mortimer, Arti Hurria, Sandra Helton, David Smith, Betty Ferrell, Gloria Juarez, and George Somlo
.8% Hispanic, 7.8% African American, and 10.5% Asian. The characteristics of the study population are shown in Table 2 . Patients experienced a range of 16- to 77-week delays (median, 24 weeks) to initiating chemotherapy treatment. For 75% of patients, the
Reith R. Sarkar, Katherine E. Fero, Daniel M. Seible, Neil Panjwani, Rayna K. Matsuno, and James D. Murphy
. Analyses were conducted using SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc). Results Cohort Characteristics Of the 21,500 patients in the study cohort, 11,298 (52.5%) presented with metastatic disease, 3,092 (14.4%) were in the resectable group, and 7,110 (33.1%) were in the
Michael Xiang and Elizabeth A. Kidd
-Medicare linkage, patient follow-up was through December 2014. Statistical Analysis Baseline characteristics were compared using the chi-square or Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors for receiving cisplatin
Renata R. Urban, Hao He, Rafael Alfonso-Cristancho, Melissa M. Hardesty, and Barbara A. Goff
, Patient Characteristics, and Treatment Identification This study identified all women older than 65 years diagnosed with ovarian cancer (n=26,379) in SEER cancer registries from January 1, 1995, to December 31, 2007. Women were excluded if they had a
Julie Hallet, Calvin Law, Simron Singh, Alyson Mahar, Sten Myrehaug, Victoria Zuk, Haoyu Zhao, Wing Chan, Angela Assal, and Natalie Coburn
the burden of cancer on mortality for patients with NETs remains scarce. NETs are a heterogeneous malignancy with variable biologic, clinical, and prognostic characteristics. There is an evolving need to adapt treatment plans to their unique biology
