NCCN Guidelines® Insights: Management of Immunotherapy-Related Toxicities, Version 2.2024

Featured Updates to the NCCN Guidelines

Authors:
John A. Thompson Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center

Search for other papers by John A. Thompson in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Bryan J. Schneider University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center

Search for other papers by Bryan J. Schneider in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Julie Brahmer Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center

Search for other papers by Julie Brahmer in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD, MSc
,
Mohammad Abu Zaid Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center

Search for other papers by Mohammad Abu Zaid in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MBBS
,
Amaka Achufusi University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center

Search for other papers by Amaka Achufusi in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Philippe Armand Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

Search for other papers by Philippe Armand in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD, PhD
,
Meghan K. Berkenstock Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center

Search for other papers by Meghan K. Berkenstock in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Bonnie Bermas UT Southwestern Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center

Search for other papers by Bonnie Bermas in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Tawnie Braaten Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah

Search for other papers by Tawnie Braaten in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Lihua E. Budde City of Hope National Medical Center

Search for other papers by Lihua E. Budde in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD, PhD
,
Saurin Chokshi The University of Tennessee Health Science Center

Search for other papers by Saurin Chokshi in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Zachary D. Crees Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine

Search for other papers by Zachary D. Crees in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Marianne Davies Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital

Search for other papers by Marianne Davies in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 DNP, RN, ACNP-BC, AOCNP
,
Changchun Deng Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute

Search for other papers by Changchun Deng in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Yaron Gesthalter UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center

Search for other papers by Yaron Gesthalter in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Michael Jain Moffitt Cancer Center

Search for other papers by Michael Jain in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD, PhD
,
Prantesh Jain Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center

Search for other papers by Prantesh Jain in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Andrew Jallouk Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center

Search for other papers by Andrew Jallouk in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD, PhD
,
Benjamin H. Kaffenberger The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute

Search for other papers by Benjamin H. Kaffenberger in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD, MS
,
Maya Khalil O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center at UAB

Search for other papers by Maya Khalil in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Melissa G. Lechner UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center

Search for other papers by Melissa G. Lechner in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD, PhD
,
Tianhong Li UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center

Search for other papers by Tianhong Li in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD, PhD
,
Alissa Marr Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center

Search for other papers by Alissa Marr in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Suzanne McGettigan Abramson Cancer Center at the University of Pennsylvania

Search for other papers by Suzanne McGettigan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MSN, CRNP, AOCN
,
Jordan McPherson Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah

Search for other papers by Jordan McPherson in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 PharmD, BCOP, MS
,
Theresa Medina University of Colorado Cancer Center

Search for other papers by Theresa Medina in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Nisha A. Mohindra Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University

Search for other papers by Nisha A. Mohindra in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Anthony J. Olszanski Fox Chase Cancer Center

Search for other papers by Anthony J. Olszanski in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD, RPh
,
Olalekan Oluwole Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center

Search for other papers by Olalekan Oluwole in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MBBS, MPH
,
Sandip P. Patel UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center

Search for other papers by Sandip P. Patel in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Jason Prosek The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute

Search for other papers by Jason Prosek in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Sunil Reddy Stanford Cancer Institute

Search for other papers by Sunil Reddy in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Pankti Reid The UChicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center

Search for other papers by Pankti Reid in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD, MPH
,
John Ryan Patient Advocate

Search for other papers by John Ryan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MBA
,
Mabel Ryder Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center

Search for other papers by Mabel Ryder in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Huda Salman Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center

Search for other papers by Huda Salman in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD, PhD
,
Bianca Santomasso Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

Search for other papers by Bianca Santomasso in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD, PhD
,
Scott Shofer Duke Cancer Institute

Search for other papers by Scott Shofer in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD, PhD
,
Jeffrey A. Sosman Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center

Search for other papers by Jeffrey A. Sosman in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Yinghong Wang The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center

Search for other papers by Yinghong Wang in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD, PhD
,
Vlad G. Zaha UT Southwestern Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center

Search for other papers by Vlad G. Zaha in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD, PhD
,
Stephen Zucker Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center | Mass General Cancer Center

Search for other papers by Stephen Zucker in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Megan Lyons National Comprehensive Cancer Network

Search for other papers by Megan Lyons in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MS, RDN, LDN
,
Ajibola Awotiwon National Comprehensive Cancer Network

Search for other papers by Ajibola Awotiwon in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MBBS, MSc
, and
Lisa Hang National Comprehensive Cancer Network

Search for other papers by Lisa Hang in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 PhD
Restricted access

The NCCN Guidelines for the Management of Immunotherapy-Related Toxicities are intended to provide oncology practitioners with guidance on how to manage the wide-ranging and potentially fatal toxicities that may occur with cancer immunotherapy. The guidelines address immune-related adverse events related to immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR T-cell therapies, and lymphocyte engagers (which include T-cell–engaging bispecific antibodies). These NCCN Guidelines Insights highlight recent guideline updates pertaining to the management of emerging toxicities related to cancer immunotherapy.

Provided content development and/or authorship assistance

John A. Thompson, Bryan J. Schneider, Philippe Armand, Marianne Davies, Benjamin H. Kaffenberger, Melissa G. Lechner, Bianca Santomasso, Yinghong Wang, Megan Lyons, Ajibola Awotiwon, and Lisa Hang

The full and most current version of these NCCN Guidelines is available at NCCN.org.

NCCN CATEGORIES OF EVIDENCE AND CONSENSUS

Category 1: Based upon high-level evidence (≥1 randomized phase 3 trials or high-quality, robust meta-analyses), there is uniform NCCN consensus (≥85% support of the Panel) that the intervention is appropriate.

Category 2A: Based upon lower-level evidence, there is uniform NCCN consensus (≥85% support of the Panel) that the intervention is appropriate.

Category 2B: Based upon lower-level evidence, there is NCCN consensus (≥50%, but <85% support of the Panel) that the intervention is appropriate.

Category 3: Based upon any level of evidence, there is major NCCN disagreement that the intervention is appropriate.

All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.

NCCN CATEGORIES OF PREFERENCE

Preferred intervention: Interventions that are based on superior efficacy, safety, and evidence; and, when appropriate, affordability.

Other recommended intervention: Other interventions that may be somewhat less efficacious, more toxic, or based on less mature data; or significantly less affordable for similar outcomes.

Useful in certain circumstances: Other interventions that may be used for selected patient populations (defined with recommendation).

All recommendations are considered appropriate.

NCCN recognizes the importance of clinical trials and encourages participation when applicable and available. Trials should be designed to maximize inclusiveness and broad representative enrollment.

PLEASE NOTE

The NCCN Guidelines® are a statement of evidence and consensus of the authors regarding their views of currently accepted approaches to treatment.

The NCCN Guidelines® Insights highlight important changes in the NCCN Guidelines® recommendations from previous versions. Colored markings in the algorithm show changes and the discussion aims to further understanding of these changes by summarizing salient portions of the panel’s discussion, including the literature reviewed.

The NCCN Guidelines Insights do not represent the full NCCN Guidelines; further, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network® (NCCN®) makes no representations or warranties of any kind regarding the content, use, or application of the NCCN Guidelines and NCCN Guidelines Insights and disclaims any responsibility for their application or use in any way.

  • Collapse
  • Expand
  • 1.

    Chalabi M, Verschoor YL, Tan PB, et al. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy in locally advanced mismatch repair-deficient colon cancer. N Engl J Med 2024;390:19491958.

  • 2.

    Cercek A, Lumish M, Sinopoli J, et al. PD-1 blockade in mismatch repair-deficient, locally advanced rectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2022;386:23632376.

  • 3.

    Forde PM, Spicer J, Lu S, et al. Neoadjuvant nivolumab plus chemotherapy in resectable lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2022;386:19731985.

  • 4.

    Wakelee H, Liberman M, Kato T, et al. Perioperative pembrolizumab for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2023;389:491503.

  • 5.

    Heymach JV, Harpole D, Mitsudomi T, et al. Perioperative durvalumab for resectable non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2023;389:16721684.

  • 6.

    Schmid P, Cortes J, Dent R, et al. Event-free survival with pembrolizumab in early triple-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2022;386:556567.

  • 7.

    Patel SP, Othus M, Chen Y, et al. Neoadjuvant-adjuvant or adjuvant-only pembrolizumab in advanced melanoma. N Engl J Med 2023;388:813823.

  • 8.

    Reijers ILM, Menzies AM, van Akkooi ACJ, et al. Personalized response-directed surgery and adjuvant therapy after neoadjuvant ipilimumab and nivolumab in high-risk stage III melanoma: the PRADO trial. Nat Med 2022;28:11781188.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 9.

    Versluis JM, Menzies AM, Sikorska K, et al. Survival update of neoadjuvant ipilimumab plus nivolumab in macroscopic stage III melanoma in the OpACIN and OpACIN-neo trials. Ann Oncol 2023;34:420430.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 10.

    National Cancer Institute. CAR T cells: engineering patients’ immune cells to treat their cancers. Accessed August 12, 2024. Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/research/car-t-cells

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 11.

    U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Bispecific antibodies: an area of research and clinical applications. Accessed August 9, 2024. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/spotlight-cder-science/bispecific-antibodies-area-research-and-clinical-applications

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 12.

    Fenis A, Demaria O, Gauthier L, et al. New immune cell engagers for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol 2024;24:471486.

  • 13.

    U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Approved cellular and gene therapy products. Accessed August 12, 2024. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/cellular-gene-therapy-products/approved-cellular-and-gene-therapy-products

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 14.

    National Library of Medicine. ClinicalTrials.gov. Accessed August 12, 2024. Available at: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/

  • 15.

    Ramos-Casals M, Brahmer JR, Callahan MK, et al. Immune-related adverse events of checkpoint inhibitors. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020;6:38.

  • 16.

    Johnson DB, Nebhan CA, Moslehi JJ, Balko JM. Immune-checkpoint inhibitors: long-term implications of toxicity. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2022;19:254267.

  • 17.

    Apalla Z, Papageorgiou C, Lallas A, et al. Cutaneous adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a literature review. Dermatol Pract Concept 2021;11:e2021155.

  • 18.

    Geisler AN, Phillips GS, Barrios DM, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related dermatologic adverse events. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020;83:12551268.

  • 19.

    Villadolid J, Amin A. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in clinical practice: update on management of immune-related toxicities. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2015;4:560575.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 20.

    Shi VJ, Rodic N, Gettinger S, et al. Clinical and histologic features of lichenoid mucocutaneous eruptions due to anti-programmed cell death 1 and anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 immunotherapy. JAMA Dermatol 2016;152:11281136.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 21.

    Masterson WM, Brown AM, Al Ameri MA, Patel AB. A retrospective chart review of management strategies for lichenoid eruptions associated with immune-checkpoint inhibitor therapy from a single institution. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2022;30:100506.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 22.

    Watanabe T, Yamaguchi Y. Cutaneous manifestations associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Front Immunol 2023;14:1071983.

  • 23.

    Brown AM, Masterson W, Lo J, Patel AB. Systemic treatment of cutaneous adverse events after immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: a review. Dermatitis 2023;34:201208.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 24.

    Didona D, Caposiena Caro RD, Sequeira Santos AM, et al. Therapeutic strategies for oral lichen planus: state of the art and new insights. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022;9:997190.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 25.

    Cribier B, Frances C, Chosidow O. Treatment of lichen planus. An evidence-based medicine analysis of efficacy. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:15211530.

  • 26.

    Nikolaou V, Sibaud V, Fattore D, et al. Immune checkpoint-mediated psoriasis: a multicenter European study of 115 patients from the European Network for Cutaneous Adverse Event to Oncologic Drugs (ENCADO) group. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021;84:13101320.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 27.

    Said JT, Elman SA, Perez-Chada LM, et al. Treatment of immune checkpoint inhibitor-mediated psoriasis: a systematic review. J Am Acad Dermatol 2022;87:399400.

  • 28.

    Menter A, Gelfand JM, Connor C, et al. Joint American Academy of Dermatology–National Psoriasis Foundation guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis with systemic nonbiologic therapies. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020;82:14451486.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 29.

    Menter A, Strober BE, Kaplan DH, et al. Joint AAD-NPF guidelines of care for the management and treatment of psoriasis with biologics. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019;80:10291072.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 30.

    Vincken NLA, Balak DMW, Knulst AC, et al. Systemic glucocorticoid use and the occurrence of flares in psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis: a systematic review. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2022;61:42324244.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 31.

    Srivastava A, Nogueras-Gonzalez GM, Geng Y, et al. Oral toxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: meta-analyses of clinical trials. J Immunother Precis Oncol 2024;7:2440.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 32.

    Jacob JS, Dutra BE, Garcia-Rodriguez V, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of oral mucositis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2021;19:14151424.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 33.

    Shah N, Cohen L, Seminario-Vidal L. Management of oral reactions from immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: a systematic review. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020;83:14931498.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 34.

    Vigarios E, Sibaud V. Oral mucosal toxicities induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors: clinical features and algorithm management. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2023;150:8388.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 35.

    Warner BM, Baer AN, Lipson EJ, et al. Sicca syndrome associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Oncologist 2019;24:12591269.

  • 36.

    Ramos-Casals M, Maria A, Suarez-Almazor ME, et al. Sicca/Sjogren’s syndrome triggered by PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors. Data from the International ImmunoCancer Registry. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2019;37(Suppl 118):114122.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 37.

    Farag AM, Carey B, Albuquerque R. Oral dysaesthesia: a special focus on aetiopathogenesis, clinical diagnostics and treatment modalities. Br Dent J 2024;236:275278.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 38.

    Gorsky M, Silverman S Jr, Chinn H. Clinical characteristics and management outcome in the burning mouth syndrome. An open study of 130 patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1991;72:192195.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 39.

    Lopez-D’alessandro E, Escovich L. Combination of alpha lipoic acid and gabapentin, its efficacy in the treatment of Burning Mouth Syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2011;16:e635640.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 40.

    Gross G, Waks T, Eshhar Z. Expression of immunoglobulin-T-cell receptor chimeric molecules as functional receptors with antibody-type specificity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989;86:1002410028.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 41.

    June CH, Sadelain M. Chimeric antigen receptor therapy. N Engl J Med 2018;379:6473.

  • 42.

    Lee DW, Santomasso BD, Locke FL, et al. ASTCT consensus grading for cytokine release syndrome and neurologic toxicity associated with immune effector cells. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2019;25:625638.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 43.

    Hines MR, Knight TE, McNerney KO, et al. Immune effector cell-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis-like syndrome. Transplant Cell Ther 2023;29:438.e116.

  • 44.

    Rejeski K, Subklewe M, Aljurf M, et al. Immune effector cell-associated hematotoxicity: EHA/EBMT consensus grading and best practice recommendations. Blood 2023;142:865877.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 45.

    Wat J, Barmettler S. Hypogammaglobulinemia after chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy: characteristics, management, and future directions. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2022;10:460466.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 46.

    Berdeja JG, Madduri D, Usmani SZ, et al. Ciltacabtagene autoleucel, a B-cell maturation antigen-directed chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (CARTITUDE-1): a phase 1b/2 open-label study. Lancet 2021;398:314324.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 47.

    Martin T, Usmani SZ, Berdeja JG, et al. Ciltacabtagene autoleucel, an anti–B-cell maturation antigen chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: CARTITUDE-1 2-year follow-up. J Clin Oncol 2023;41:12651274.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 48.

    Cohen AD, Parekh S, Santomasso BD, et al. Incidence and management of CAR-T neurotoxicity in patients with multiple myeloma treated with ciltacabtagene autoleucel in CARTITUDE studies. Blood Cancer J 2022;12:32.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 49.

    Karschnia P, Miller KC, Yee AJ, et al. Neurologic toxicities following adoptive immunotherapy with BCMA-directed CAR T cells. Blood 2023;142:12431248.

  • 50.

    Ciltacabtagene autoleucel suspension for intravenous infusion. Prescribing Information. Janssen Biotech, Inc.; 2024. Accessed August 9, 2024. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/156560/download?attachment

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 51.

    Idecabtagene vicleucel suspension for intravenous infusion. Prescribing Information. Bristol Myers Squibb; 2024. Accessed August 9, 2024. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/147055/download?attachment

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 52.

    Graham CE, Lee WH, Wiggin HR, et al. Chemotherapy-induced reversal of ciltacabtagene autoleucel-associated movement and neurocognitive toxicity. Blood 2023;142:12481252.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 53.

    van Doorn PA, Van den Bergh PYK, Hadden RDM, et al. European Academy of Neurology/Peripheral Nerve Society guideline on diagnosis and treatment of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Eur J Neurol 2023;30:36463674.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 54.

    Rolin C, Zimmer J, Seguin-Devaux C. Bridging the gap with multispecific immune cell engagers in cancer and infectious diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2024;21:643661.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 55.

    Crombie JL, Graff T, Falchi L, et al. Consensus recommendations on the management of toxicity associated with CD3xCD20 bispecific antibody therapy. Blood 2024;143:15651575.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

Metrics

All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 0 0 0
Full Text Views 3240 3240 3202
PDF Downloads 2673 2673 2644
EPUB Downloads 0 0 0