Telemedicine in Oncology and Reimbursement Policy During COVID-19 and Beyond

Authors:
Sheetal M. Kircher Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago;
Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago; and

Search for other papers by Sheetal M. Kircher in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Mary Mulcahy Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago;
Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago; and

Search for other papers by Mary Mulcahy in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Aparna Kalyan Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago;
Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago; and

Search for other papers by Aparna Kalyan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Christine B. Weldon Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago; and
Center for Business Models in Healthcare, Glencoe, Illinois.

Search for other papers by Christine B. Weldon in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MBA
,
Julia R. Trosman Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago; and
Center for Business Models in Healthcare, Glencoe, Illinois.

Search for other papers by Julia R. Trosman in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 PhD, MBA
, and
Al B. Benson III Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago;
Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago; and

Search for other papers by Al B. Benson III in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
Restricted access

The first confirmed case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the United States was reported on January 20, 2020. As of September 17, 2020, there were more than 6.6 million confirmed cases and 196,277 deaths. Limited data are available on outcomes of immunocompromised patients, but early published reports from China indicate that those with cancer have a 3.5 times higher risk of ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, or death than those without cancer. Because of the uncertain behavior of COVID-19, it has become imperative for practices to limit exposure to vulnerable patients. Telemedicine has been one of the cornerstones of caring for patients with cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic. This review provides an overview of reimbursement policy by public and private payers before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, describes implications in cancer care, and offers considerations for future reimbursement policy.

Submitted May 20, 2020; accepted for publication August 13, 2020.

Disclosures: The authors have disclosed that they have no financial interests, arrangements, or affiliations with the manufacturers of any products discussed in this article or their competitors.

Correspondence: Sheetal M. Kircher, MD, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair, Suite 850, Chicago, IL 60611. Email: sheetal.kircher@nm.org
  • Collapse
  • Expand
  • 1.

    Holshue ML , DeBolt C , Lindquist S , et al.. First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the united states. N Engl J Med 2020;382:929936.

  • 2.

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Accessed September 17, 2020. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/cases-in-us.html

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 3.

    Liang W , Guan W , Chen R , et al.. Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in China. Lancet Oncol 2020;21:335337.

  • 4.

    Wang H , Zhang L . Risk of COVID-19 for patients with cancer. Lancet Oncol 2020;21:e181.

  • 5.

    Hollander JE , Carr BG . Virtually perfect? Telemedicine for Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020;382:16791681.

  • 6.

    Webster P . Virtual health care in the era of COVID-19. Lancet 2020;395:11801181.

  • 7.

    Meti N , Rossos PG , Cheung MC , et al.. Virtual cancer care during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic: we need to get it right [published online May 13, 2020]. JCO Oncol Pract, doi: 10.1200/OP.20.00281

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 8.

    Pisu M , Henrikson NB , Banegas MP , et al.. Costs of cancer along the care continuum: what we can expect based on recent literature. Cancer 2018;124:41814191.

  • 9.

    Chumbler NR , Kobb R , Harris L , et al.. Healthcare utilization among veterans undergoing chemotherapy: the impact of a cancer care coordination/home-telehealth program. J Ambul Care Manage 2007;30:308317.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 10.

    Binder B , Hofmann-Wellenhof R , Salmhofer W , et al.. Teledermatological monitoring of leg ulcers in cooperation with home care nurses. Arch Dermatol 2007;143:15111514.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 11.

    Gordon J . Dermatologic assessment from a distance: the use of teledermatology in an outpatient chemotherapy infusion center. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2012;16:418420.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 12.

    Zachrison KS , Boggs KM , Hayden EM , et al.. Understanding barriers to telemedicine implementation in rural emergency departments. Ann Emerg Med 2020;75:392399.

  • 13.

    Kaiser Family Foundation. 2019 Employer Health Benefits Survey. Accessed April 27, 2020. Available at: https://www.kff.org/report-section/ehbs-2019-summary-of-findings/

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 14.

    Sirintrapun SJ , Lopez AM . Telemedicine in cancer care. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2018;38:540545.

  • 15.

    Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplement Appropriations Act of 2020. Public Law 116-123, March 6, 2020. Accessed June 29, 2020. Available at: https://www.congress.gov/116/plaws/publ123/PLAW-116publ123.pdf

    • PubMed
    • Export Citation
  • 16.

    H.R. 748. Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act). Accessed June 29, 2020. Available at: https://www.congress.gov/116/bills/hr748/BILLS-116hr748enr.pdf

    • PubMed
    • Export Citation
  • 17.

    Kaiser Family Foundation Brief. Coverage and utilization of telemedicine services by enrollees in large employer plans. Accessed June 29, 2020. Available at: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/coverage-and-utilization-of-telemedicine-services-by-enrollees-in-large-employer-plans/

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 18.

    Liu R , Sundaresan T , Reed ME , et al.. Telehealth in oncology during the COVID-19 outbreak: bringing the house call back virtually. JCO Oncol Pract 2020;16:289–293.

    • PubMed
    • Export Citation
  • 19.

    Ramsetty A , Adams C . Impact of the digital divide in the age of COVID-19. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2020;27:11471148.

  • 20.

    Harvard Kennedy School Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy. Computer usage and access in low-income urban communities. Accessed June 29, 2020. Available at: https://journalistsresource.org/studies/society/internet/computer-usage-access-low-income-urban-communities/

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 21.

    Scott Kruse C , Karem P , Shifflett K , et al.. Evaluating barriers to adopting telemedicine worldwide: a systematic review. J Telemed Telecare 2018;24:412.

  • 22.

    Bustillo NE , McGinty HL , Dahn JR , et al.. Fatalism, medical mistrust, and pretreatment health-related quality of life in ethnically diverse prostate cancer patients. Psychooncology 2017;26:323329.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 23.

    Crossing the quality chasm: a new health system for the 21st century. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press; 2001.

  • 24.

    George SM , Hamilton A , Baker R . Pre-experience perceptions about telemedicine among African Americans and Latinos in South Central Los Angeles. Telemed J E Health 2009;15:525530.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 25.

    Pew Research Center. Mobile fact sheet. Accessed May 4, 2020. Available at: https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/mobile/

  • 26.

    National Cancer Institute. Age and cancer risk. Accessed May 16, 2020. Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/age

  • 27.

    Fowler H , Belot A , Ellis L , et al.. Comorbidity prevalence among cancer patients: a population-based cohort study of four cancers. BMC Cancer 2020;20:2.

  • 28.

    Adams JG . Emergency department overuse: perceptions and solutions. JAMA 2013;309:11731174.

  • 29.

    Tung M , Sharma R , Hinson JS , et al.. Factors associated with imaging overuse in the emergency department: a systematic review. Am J Emerg Med 2018;36:301309.

  • 30.

    Newton EH . Addressing overuse in emergency medicine: evidence of a role for greater patient engagement. Clin Exp Emerg Med 2017;4:189200.

  • 31.

    Earle CC , Neville BA . Under use of necessary care among cancer survivors. Cancer 2004;101:17121719.

  • 32.

    Ashwood JS , Mehrotra A , Cowling D , et al.. Direct-to-consumer telehealth may increase access to care but does not decrease spending. Health Aff (Millwood) 2017;36:485491.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 33.

    Lyu H , Xu T , Brotman D , et al.. Overtreatment in the United States. PLoS One 2017;12:e0181970.

  • 34.

    Dans M, Kutner JS, Baker JN, et al. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Palliative Care. Version 1.2020. Accessed April 27, 2020. To view the most recent version, visit NCCN.org

    • PubMed
    • Export Citation
  • 35.

    Riba MB, Donovan KA, Andersen B, et al. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Distress Management. Version 2.2020. Accessed April 27, 2020. To view the most recent version, visit NCCN.org

    • PubMed
    • Export Citation
  • 36.

    Ferrell BR , Temel JS , Temin S , et al.. Integration of palliative care into standard oncology care: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol 2017;35:96112.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 37.

    Commission on Cancer. 2020 Standards. Accessed April 27, 2020. Available at: https://www.facs.org/quality-programs/cancer/coc

    • PubMed
    • Export Citation
  • 38.

    National Accreditation Program for Breast Centers Standard 2.15: 2018 Edition. Accessed April 27, 2020. Available at: https://www.facs.org/quality-programs/napbc/standards

    • PubMed
    • Export Citation
  • 39.

    Unger JM , Cook E , Tai E , et al.. The role of clinical trial participation in cancer research: barriers, evidence, and strategies. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2016;35:185198.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 40.

    Meng J , McLaughlin M , Pariera K , et al.. A comparison between Caucasians and African Americans in willingness to participate in cancer clinical trials: the roles of knowledge, distrust, information sources, and religiosity. J Health Commun 2016;21:669677.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 41.

    Pariera KL , Murphy ST , Meng J , et al.. Exploring willingness to participate in clinical trials by ethnicity. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2017;4:763769.

  • 42.

    Smirnoff M , Wilets I , Ragin DF , et al.. A paradigm for understanding trust and mistrust in medical research: the Community VOICES study. AJOB Empir Bioeth 2018;9:3947.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 43.

    Science 37 and AOBiome Complete Industry-First Virtual Clinical Trial Through Metasite (Decentralized) operating model. Accessed May 16, 2020. Available at: https://www.science37.com/science-37-aobiome-complete-industry-first-virtual-clinical-trial-metasite-decentralized-operating-model/

    • PubMed
    • Export Citation
  • 44.

    Bobb MR , Van Heukelom PG , Faine BA , et al.. Telemedicine provides noninferior research informed consent for remote study enrollment: a randomized controlled trial. Acad Emerg Med 2016;23:759765.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 45.

    Clark JM , Heifetz LJ , Palmer D , et al.. Telehealth allows for clinical trial participation and multimodality therapy in a rural patient with stage 4 non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2016;9:139142.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 46.

    FDA Guidance on Conduct of Clinical Trials of Medical Products during COVID-19 Public Health Emergency. Accessed April 28, 2020. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/136238/download

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 47.

    Hede K . Teleoncology gaining acceptance with physicians, patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010;102:15311533.

  • 48.

    Mair F , Whitten P , May C , et al.. Patients’ perceptions of a telemedicine specialty clinic. J Telemed Telecare 2000;6:3640.

  • 49.

    Mooi JK , Whop LJ , Valery PC , et al.. Teleoncology for indigenous patients: the responses of patients and health workers. Aust J Rural Health 2012;20:265269.

  • 50.

    Sabesan S , Simcox K , Marr I . Medical oncology clinics through videoconferencing: an acceptable telehealth model for rural patients and health workers. Intern Med J 2012;42:780785.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 51.

    Collie K , Kreshka MA , Ferrier S , et al.. Videoconferencing for delivery of breast cancer support groups to women living in rural communities: a pilot study. Psychooncology 2007;16:778782.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 52.

    Doorenbos AZ , Demiris G , Towle C , et al.. Developing the Native People for Cancer Control Telehealth Network. Telemed J E Health 2011;17:3034.

  • 53.

    Zhou ES , Partridge AH , Blackmon JE , et al.. A pilot videoconference group stress management program in cancer survivors: lessons learned. Rural Remote Health 2016;16:3863.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 54.

    National Quality Forum. Creating a Framework to Support Measure Development for Telehealth. Accessed June 29, 2020. Available at: https://www.qualityforum.org/Publications/2017/08/Creating_a_Framework_to_Support_Measure_Development_for_Telehealth.aspx

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

Metrics

All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 0 0 0
Full Text Views 1449 897 112
PDF Downloads 458 254 32
EPUB Downloads 0 0 0