NCCN Guidelines Insights: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Version 1.2019

Featured Updates to the NCCN Guidelines

Authors:
Patrick A. Brown The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins;

Search for other papers by Patrick A. Brown in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 MD
,
Matthew Wieduwilt UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center;

Search for other papers by Matthew Wieduwilt in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 MD, PhD
,
Aaron Logan UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center;

Search for other papers by Aaron Logan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 MD, PhD
,
Daniel J. DeAngelo Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center;

Search for other papers by Daniel J. DeAngelo in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 MD, PhD
,
Eunice S. Wang Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center;

Search for other papers by Eunice S. Wang in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 MD
,
Amir Fathi Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center;

Search for other papers by Amir Fathi in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 MD
,
Ryan D. Cassaday University of Washington/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance;

Search for other papers by Ryan D. Cassaday in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 MD
,
Mark Litzow Mayo Clinic Cancer Center;

Search for other papers by Mark Litzow in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 MD
,
Anjali Advani Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute;

Search for other papers by Anjali Advani in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 MD
,
Patricia Aoun City of Hope National Medical Center;

Search for other papers by Patricia Aoun in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 MD, MPH
,
Bhavana Bhatnagar The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute;

Search for other papers by Bhavana Bhatnagar in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 DO
,
Michael W. Boyer Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah;

Search for other papers by Michael W. Boyer in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 MD
,
Teresa Bryan University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center;

Search for other papers by Teresa Bryan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 MD
,
Patrick W. Burke University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center;

Search for other papers by Patrick W. Burke in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 MD
,
Peter F. Coccia Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center;

Search for other papers by Peter F. Coccia in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 MD
,
Steven E. Coutre Stanford Cancer Institute;

Search for other papers by Steven E. Coutre in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 MD
,
Nitin Jain The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center;

Search for other papers by Nitin Jain in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 MD
,
Suzanne Kirby Duke Cancer Institute;

Search for other papers by Suzanne Kirby in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 MD
,
Arthur Liu University of Colorado Cancer Center;

Search for other papers by Arthur Liu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 MD, PhD
,
Stephanie Massaro Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital;

Search for other papers by Stephanie Massaro in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 MD, MPH
,
Ryan J. Mattison University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center;

Search for other papers by Ryan J. Mattison in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 MD
,
Olalekan Oluwole Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center;

Search for other papers by Olalekan Oluwole in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 MD
,
Nikolaos Papadantonakis University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center;

Search for other papers by Nikolaos Papadantonakis in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 MD, PhD
,
Jae Park Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center;

Search for other papers by Jae Park in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 MD
,
Jeffrey E. Rubnitz St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center;

Search for other papers by Jeffrey E. Rubnitz in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 MD, PhD
,
Geoffrey L. Uy Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine;

Search for other papers by Geoffrey L. Uy in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 MD
,
Kristina M. Gregory National Comprehensive Cancer Network; and

Search for other papers by Kristina M. Gregory in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 RN, MSN, OCN
,
Ndiya Ogba National Comprehensive Cancer Network; and

Search for other papers by Ndiya Ogba in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 PhD
, and
Bijal Shah Moffitt Cancer Center.

Search for other papers by Bijal Shah in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 MD
Volume/Issue:
Volume 17: Issue 5
Online Publication Date:
May 2019
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2019.0024
Restricted access

Survival outcomes for older adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are poor and optimal management is challenging due to higher-risk leukemia genetics, comorbidities, and lower tolerance to intensive therapy. A critical understanding of these factors guides the selection of frontline therapies and subsequent treatment strategies. In addition, there have been recent developments in minimal/measurable residual disease (MRD) testing and blinatumomab use in the context of MRD-positive disease after therapy. These NCCN Guidelines Insights discuss recent updates to the NCCN Guidelines for ALL regarding upfront therapy in older adults and MRD monitoring/testing in response to ALL treatment.

  • Collapse
  • Expand
Print ISSN:
1540-1405
Online ISSN:
1540-1413
Publisher:
National Comprehensive Cancer Network
Cover Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network
  • 1.

    Geyer MB, Hsu M, Devlin SM, et al.. Overall survival among older US adults with ALL remains low despite modest improvement since 1980: SEER analysis. Blood 2017;129:1878–1881.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 2.

    Pulte D, Jansen L, Gondos A, et al.. Survival of adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Germany and the United States. PLoS One 2014;9:e85554.

  • 3.

    Wermann WK, Viardot A, Kayser S, et al.. Comorbidities are frequent in older patients with de novo acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and correlate with induction mortality: analysis of more than 1200 patients from GMALL data bases [abstract]. Blood 2018;132(Suppl 1):Abstract 660.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 4.

    Foà R, Vitale A, Vignetti M, et al.. Dasatinib as first-line treatment for adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2011;118:6521–6528.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 5.

    Jabbour E, Kantarjian H, Ravandi F, et al.. Combination of hyper-CVAD with ponatinib as first-line therapy for patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a single-centre, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol 2015;16:1547–1555.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 6.

    Martinelli G, Piciocchi A, Papayannidis C, et al.. First report of the Gimema LAL1811 phase II prospective study of the combination of steroids with ponatinib as frontline therapy of elderly or unfit patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia [abstract]. Blood 2017;130(Suppl 1):Abstract 99.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 7.

    Ottmann OG, Pfeifer H, Cayuela JM, et al.. Nilotinib (Tasigna) and low intensity chemotherapy for first-line treatment of elderly patients with BCR-ABL1- positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: final results of a prospective multicenter trial (EWALL-PH02) [abstract]. Blood 2018;132(Suppl 1):Abstract 31.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 8.

    Rousselot P, Coudé MM, Gokbuget N, et al.. Dasatinib and low-intensity chemotherapy in elderly patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive ALL. Blood 2016;128:774–782.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 9.

    Thomas DA, O’Brien SM, Faderl S, et al.. Long-term outcome after hyper-CVAD and imatinib (IM) for de novo or minimally treated Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph-ALL) [abstract]. J Clin Oncol 2010;28(Suppl):Abstract 6506.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 10.

    Wieduwilt MJ, Yin J, Wetzler M, et al.. A phase II study of dasatinib and dexamethasone as primary therapy followed by transplantation for adults with newly diagnosed Ph/BCR-ABL1-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL): final results of Alliance/CALGB Study 10701 [abstract]. Blood 2018;132(Suppl 1):Abstract 309.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 11.

    Gökbuget N. Treatment of older patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2016;2016:573–579.

  • 12.

    Stengel A, Schnittger S, Weissmann S, et al.. TP53 mutations occur in 15.7% of ALL and are associated with MYC-rearrangement, low hypodiploidy, and a poor prognosis. Blood 2014;124:251–258.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 13.

    Roberts KG, Gu Z, Payne-Turner D, et al.. High frequency and poor outcome of Philadelphia chromosome-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults. J Clin Oncol 2017;35:394–401.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 14.

    Guru Murthy GS, Venkitachalam R, Mehta P. Trends in survival outcomes of B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia in elderly patients: analysis of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Leuk Lymphoma 2015;56:2296–2300.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 15.

    Jabo B, Morgan JW, Martinez ME, et al.. Sociodemographic disparities in chemotherapy and hematopoietic cell transplantation utilization among adult acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukemia patients. PLoS One 2017;12:e0174760.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 16.

    Kim C, Molony JT, Chia VM, et al.. Patient characteristics, treatment patterns, and mortality in elderly patients newly diagnosed with ALL. Leuk Lymphoma 2018:1–7.

  • 17.

    Kozlowski P, Lennmyr E, Ahlberg L, et al.. Age but not Philadelphia positivity impairs outcome in older/elderly patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Sweden. Eur J Haematol 2017;99:141–149.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 18.

    Berry DA, Zhou S, Higley H, et al.. Association of minimal residual disease with clinical outcome in pediatric and adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol 2017;3:e170580.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 19.

    Brüggemann M, Raff T, Flohr T, et al.. Clinical significance of minimal residual disease quantification in adult patients with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2006;107:1116–1123.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 20.

    Holowiecki J, Krawczyk-Kulis M, Giebel S, et al.. Status of minimal residual disease after induction predicts outcome in both standard and high-risk Ph-negative adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The Polish Adult Leukemia Group ALL 4-2002 MRD Study. Br J Haematol 2008;142:227–237.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 21.

    Brüggemann M, Kotrova M. Minimal residual disease in adult ALL: technical aspects and implications for correct clinical interpretation. Blood Adv 2017;1:2456–2466.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 22.

    Kantarjian HM, Stein AS, Bargou RC, et al.. Blinatumomab treatment of older adults with relapsed/refractory B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results from 2 phase 2 studies. Cancer 2016;122:2178–2185.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 23.

    Martinelli G, Boissel N, Chevallier P, et al.. Complete hematologic and molecular response in adult patients with relapsed/refractory Philadelphia chromosome-positive B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia following treatment with blinatumomab: results from a phase II, single-arm, multicenter study. J Clin Oncol 2017;35:1795–1802.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 24.

    Topp MS, Gökbuget N, Stein AS, et al.. Safety and activity of blinatumomab for adult patients with relapsed or refractory B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol 2015;16:57–66.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 25.

    Gökbuget N, Dombret H, Bonifacio M, et al.. Blinatumomab for minimal residual disease in adults with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2018;131:1522–1531.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 26.

    Topp MS, Gökbuget N, Zugmaier G, et al.. Long-term follow-up of hematologic relapse-free survival in a phase 2 study of blinatumomab in patients with MRD in B-lineage ALL. Blood 2012;120:5185–5187.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 27.

    Topp MS, Kufer P, Gökbuget N, et al.. Targeted therapy with the T-cell-engaging antibody blinatumomab of chemotherapy-refractory minimal residual disease in B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients results in high response rate and prolonged leukemia-free survival. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:2493–2498.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 28.

    Larson RA, Dodge RK, Burns CP, et al.. A five-drug remission induction regimen with intensive consolidation for adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: cancer and leukemia group B study 8811. Blood 1995;85:2025–2037.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 29.

    Larson RA, Dodge RK, Linker CA, et al.. A randomized controlled trial of filgrastim during remission induction and consolidation chemotherapy for adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: CALGB study 9111. Blood 1998;92:1556–1564.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 30.

    Kantarjian H, Thomas D, O’Brien S, et al.. Long-term follow-up results of hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone (Hyper-CVAD), a dose-intensive regimen, in adult acute lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 2004;101:2788–2801.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 31.

    O’Brien S, Thomas DA, Ravandi F, et al.. Results of the hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone regimen in elderly patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 2008;113:2097–2101.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 32.

    Maury S, Huguet F, Leguay T, et al.. Adverse prognostic significance of CD20 expression in adults with Philadelphia chromosome-negative B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica 2010;95:324–328.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 33.

    Thomas DA, O’Brien S, Jorgensen JL, et al.. Prognostic significance of CD20 expression in adults with de novo precursor B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2009;113:6330–6337.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 34.

    Thomas DA, O’Brien S, Faderl S, et al.. Chemoimmunotherapy with a modified hyper-CVAD and rituximab regimen improves outcome in de novo Philadelphia chromosome-negative precursor B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:3880–3889.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 35.

    Thomas D, O’Brien S, Faderl S, et al.. Anthracycline dose intensification in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: lack of benefit in the context of the fractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone regimen. Cancer 2010;116:4580–4589.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 36.

    Hunault-Berger M, Leguay T, Thomas X, et al.. A randomized study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin versus continuous-infusion doxorubicin in elderly patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: the GRAALL-SA1 study. Haematologica 2011;96:245–252.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 37.

    Goekbuget N, Beck J, Brueggemann M, et al.. Moderate intensive chemotherapy including CNS-prophylaxis with liposomal cytarabine is feasible and effective in older patients with Ph-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): results of a prospective trial from the German Multicenter Study Group for Adult ALL (GMALL) [abstract]. Blood 2012;120:Abstract 1493.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 38.

    Ribera JM, García O, Fernández-Abellán P, et al.. Lack of negative impact of Philadelphia chromosome in older patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in the tyrosine kinase inhibitor era: comparison of two prospective parallel protocols. Br J Haematol 2012;159:485–488.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 39.

    Ribera JM, García O, Oriol A, et al.. Feasibility and results of subtype-oriented protocols in older adults and fit elderly patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of three prospective parallel trials from the PETHEMA group. Leuk Res 2016;41:12–20.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 40.

    Barry E, DeAngelo DJ, Neuberg D, et al.. Favorable outcome for adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated on Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Consortium Protocols. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:813–819.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 41.

    Storring JM, Minden MD, Kao S, et al.. Treatment of adults with BCR-ABL negative acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with a modified paediatric regimen. Br J Haematol 2009;146:76–85.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 42.

    Martell MP, Atenafu EG, Minden MD, et al.. Treatment of elderly patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia using a paediatric-based protocol. Br J Haematol 2013;163:458–464.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 43.

    Berry DH, Pullen J, George S, et al.. Comparison of prednisolone, vincristine, methotrexate, and 6-mercaptopurine vs. vincristine and prednisone induction therapy in childhood acute leukemia. Cancer 1975;36:98–102.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 44.

    Hardisty RM, McElwain TJ, Darby CW. Vincristine and prednisone for the induction of remissions in acute childhood leukaemia. BMJ 1969;2:662–665.

  • 45.

    Hess CE, Zirkle JW. Results of induction therapy with vincristine and prednisone alone in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: report of 43 patients and review of the literature. Am J Hematol 1982;13:63–71.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 46.

    Rodriguez V, Hart JS, Freireich EJ, et al.. Pomp combination chemotherapy of adult acute leukemia. Cancer 1973;32:69–75.

  • 47.

    Ravandi F, O’Brien S, Thomas D, et al.. First report of phase 2 study of dasatinib with hyper-CVAD for the frontline treatment of patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2010;116:2070–2077.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 48.

    Bassan R, Rossi G, Pogliani EM, et al.. Chemotherapy-phased imatinib pulses improve long-term outcome of adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Northern Italy Leukemia Group protocol 09/00. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:3644–3652.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 49.

    Mizuta S, Matsuo K, Yagasaki F, et al.. Pre-transplant imatinib-based therapy improves the outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for BCR-ABL-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2011;25:41–47.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 50.

    Yanada M, Takeuchi J, Sugiura I, et al.. High complete remission rate and promising outcome by combination of imatinib and chemotherapy for newly diagnosed BCR-ABL-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a phase II study by the Japan Adult Leukemia Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:460–466.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 51.

    Kim DY, Joo YD, Lim SN, et al.. Nilotinib combined with multiagent chemotherapy for newly diagnosed Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2015;126:746–756.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 52.

    Chalandon Y, Thomas X, Hayette S, et al.. Randomized study of reduced-intensity chemotherapy combined with imatinib in adults with Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2015;125:3711–3719.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 53.

    Ottmann OG, Wassmann B, Pfeifer H, et al.. Imatinib compared with chemotherapy as front-line treatment of elderly patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ALL). Cancer 2007;109:2068–2076.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 54.

    Vignetti M, Fazi P, Cimino G, et al.. Imatinib plus steroids induces complete remissions and prolonged survival in elderly Philadelphia chromosome-positive patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia without additional chemotherapy: results of the Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell’Adulto (GIMEMA) LAL0201-B protocol. Blood 2007;109:3676–3678.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 55.

    Carlson CS, Emerson RO, Sherwood AM, et al.. Using synthetic templates to design an unbiased multiplex PCR assay. Nat Commun 2013;4:2680.

  • 56.

    Denys B, van der Sluijs-Gelling AJ, Homburg C, et al.. Improved flow cytometric detection of minimal residual disease in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2013;27:635–641.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 57.

    Faham M, Zheng J, Moorhead M, et al.. Deep-sequencing approach for minimal residual disease detection in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2012;120:5173–5180.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 58.

    Gaipa G, Cazzaniga G, Valsecchi MG, et al.. Time point-dependent concordance of flow cytometry and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction for minimal residual disease detection in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica 2012;97:1582–1593.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 59.

    Ladetto M, Brüggemann M, Monitillo L, et al.. Next-generation sequencing and real-time quantitative PCR for minimal residual disease detection in B-cell disorders. Leukemia 2014;28:1299–1307.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 60.

    Short NJ, Jabbour E, Albitar M, et al.. Recommendations for the assessment and management of measurable residual disease in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A consensus of North American experts. Am J Hematol 2019;94:257–265.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 61.

    Stow P, Key L, Chen X, et al.. Clinical significance of low levels of minimal residual disease at the end of remission induction therapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2010;115:4657–4663.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 62.

    Wood B, Wu D, Crossley B, et al.. Measurable residual disease detection by high-throughput sequencing improves risk stratification for pediatric B-ALL. Blood 2018;131:1350–1359.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 63.

    Logan AC, Zhang B, Narasimhan B, et al.. Minimal residual disease quantification using consensus primers and high-throughput IGH sequencing predicts post-transplant relapse in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2013;27:1659–1665.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 64.

    Neale GA, Coustan-Smith E, Stow P, et al.. Comparative analysis of flow cytometry and polymerase chain reaction for the detection of minimal residual disease in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2004;18:934–938.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 65.

    Wu D, Emerson RO, Sherwood A, et al.. Detection of minimal residual disease in B lymphoblastic leukemia by high-throughput sequencing of IGH. Clin Cancer Res 2014;20:4540–4548.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 66.

    Wu D, Sherwood A, Fromm JR, et al.. High-throughput sequencing detects minimal residual disease in acute T lymphoblastic leukemia. Sci Transl Med 2012;4:134ra63.

  • 67.

    Kerst G, Kreyenberg H, Roth C, et al.. Concurrent detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia by flow cytometry and real-time PCR. Br J Haematol 2005;128:774–782.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 68.

    Pemmaraju N, Kantarjian H, Jorgensen JL, et al.. Significance of recurrence of minimal residual disease detected by multi-parameter flow cytometry in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in morphological remission. Am J Hematol 2017;92:279–285.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 69.

    Kantarjian H, Stein A, Gökbuget N, et al.. Blinatumomab versus chemotherapy for advanced acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2017;376:836–847.

  • 70.

    Topp MS, Gökbuget N, Zugmaier G, et al.. Phase II trial of the anti-CD19 bispecific T cell-engager blinatumomab shows hematologic and molecular remissions in patients with relapsed or refractory B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2014;32:4134–4140.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 71.

    Wolach O, Stevenson KE, Wadleigh M, et al.. Allogeneic transplantation is not superior to chemotherapy in most patients over 40 years of age with Philadelphia-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia in first remission. Am J Hematol 2016;91:793–799.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 72.

    Campana D. Minimal residual disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2010;2010:7–12.

  • 73.

    Tasian SK, Hurtz C, Wertheim GB, et al.. High incidence of Philadelphia chromosome-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia in older adults with B-ALL. Leukemia 2017;31:981–984.

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
Copyright:
Copyright © 2019 by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network 2019
Page Numbers:
10
Article Category:
Other
Print Publication Date:
01 May 2019
Online Publication Date:
May 2019

Metrics

All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 0 0 0
Full Text Views 17715 2245 224
PDF Downloads 8920 811 49
EPUB Downloads 0 0 0