Cancer in People Living With HIV, Version 1.2018, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology

Authors:
Erin Reid
Search for other papers by Erin Reid in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Gita Suneja
Search for other papers by Gita Suneja in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Richard F. Ambinder
Search for other papers by Richard F. Ambinder in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD, PhD
,
Kevin Ard
Search for other papers by Kevin Ard in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD, MPH
,
Robert Baiocchi
Search for other papers by Robert Baiocchi in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD, PhD
,
Stefan K. Barta
Search for other papers by Stefan K. Barta in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD, MS, MRCP
,
Evie Carchman
Search for other papers by Evie Carchman in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Adam Cohen
Search for other papers by Adam Cohen in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Neel Gupta
Search for other papers by Neel Gupta in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Kimberly L. Johung
Search for other papers by Kimberly L. Johung in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD, PhD
,
Ann Klopp
Search for other papers by Ann Klopp in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD, PhD
,
Ann S. LaCasce
Search for other papers by Ann S. LaCasce in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Chi Lin
Search for other papers by Chi Lin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Oxana V. Makarova-Rusher
Search for other papers by Oxana V. Makarova-Rusher in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Amitkumar Mehta
Search for other papers by Amitkumar Mehta in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Manoj P. Menon
Search for other papers by Manoj P. Menon in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD, MPH
,
David Morgan
Search for other papers by David Morgan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Nitya Nathwani
Search for other papers by Nitya Nathwani in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Ariela Noy
Search for other papers by Ariela Noy in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Frank Palella
Search for other papers by Frank Palella in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Lee Ratner
Search for other papers by Lee Ratner in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD, PhD
,
Stacey Rizza
Search for other papers by Stacey Rizza in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Michelle A. Rudek
Search for other papers by Michelle A. Rudek in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 PhD, PharmD
,
Jeff Taylor
Search for other papers by Jeff Taylor in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Benjamin Tomlinson
Search for other papers by Benjamin Tomlinson in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Chia-Ching J. Wang
Search for other papers by Chia-Ching J. Wang in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Mary A. Dwyer
Search for other papers by Mary A. Dwyer in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MS
, and
Deborah A. Freedman-Cass
Search for other papers by Deborah A. Freedman-Cass in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 PhD
Restricted access

People living with HIV (PLWH) are diagnosed with cancer at an increased rate over the general population and generally have a higher mortality due to delayed diagnoses, advanced cancer stage, comorbidities, immunosuppression, and cancer treatment disparities. Lack of guidelines and provider education has led to substandard cancer care being offered to PLWH. To fill that gap, the NCCN Guidelines for Cancer in PLWH were developed; they provide treatment recommendations for PLWH who develop non–small cell lung cancer, anal cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma, and cervical cancer. In addition, the NCCN Guidelines outline advice regarding HIV management during cancer therapy; drug–drug interactions between antiretroviral treatments and cancer therapies; and workup, radiation therapy, surgical management, and supportive care in PLWH who have cancer.

Please Note

The NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines®) are a statement of consensus of the authors regarding their views of currently accepted approaches to treatment. Any clinician seeking to apply or consult the NCCN Guidelines® is expected to use independent medical judgment in the context of individual clinical circumstances to determine any patient's care or treatment. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network® (NCCN®) makes no representation or warranties of any kind regarding their content, use, or application and disclaims any responsibility for their applications or use in any way.

© National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2018, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and the illustrations herein may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.

Disclosures for the NCCN Cancer in People Living With HIV Panel

At the beginning of each NCCN Guidelines panel meeting, panel members review all potential conflicts of interest. NCCN, in keeping with its commitment to public transparency, publishes these disclosures for panel members, staff, and NCCN itself.

Individual disclosures for the NCCN Cancer in People Living With HIV Panel members can be found on page 1017. (The most recent version of these guidelines and accompanying disclosures are available on the NCCN Web site at NCCN.org.)

These guidelines are also available on the Internet. For the latest update, visit NCCN.org.

NCCN Cancer in People Living With HIV Panel Members

*Erin Reid, MD/Co-Chair‡

UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center

*Gita Suneja, MD/Co-Chair§

Duke Cancer Institute

*Richard F. Ambinder, MD, PhD†

The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins

Kevin Ard, MD, MPHΦÞ

Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center

Robert Baiocchi, MD, PhD†

The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute

*Stefan K. Barta, MD, MS, MRCP†‡Þ

Fox Chase Cancer Center

*Evie Carchman, MD¶

University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center

Adam Cohen, MD†

Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah

Neel Gupta, MD†

Stanford Cancer Institute

*Kimberly L. Johung, MD, PhD§

Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital

Ann Klopp, MD, PhD§

The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center

Ann S. LaCasce, MD†

Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center

Chi Lin, MD§

Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center

Oxana V. Makarova-Rusher, MD†

University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center

Amitkumar Mehta, MD‡

University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center

*Manoj P. Menon, MD, MPH†

Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance

David Morgan, MD‡

Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center

Nitya Nathwani, MD‡

City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center

*Ariela Noy, MD‡

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

Frank Palella, MD

Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University

*Lee Ratner, MD, PhD†Þ

Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine

Stacey Rizza, MDΦ

Mayo Clinic Cancer Center

*Michelle A. Rudek, PhD, PharmDΣ

The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins

Jeff Taylor¥

HIV + Aging Research Project - Palm Springs

Benjamin Tomlinson, MD†‡

Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute

*Chia-Ching J. Wang, MD†

UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center

NCCN Staff: Mary A. Dwyer, MS, and Deborah A. Freedman-Cass, PhD

*Discussion Section Writing Committee

Specialties: †Medical Oncology; ‡Hematology/Hematology Oncology; §Radiotherapy/Radiation Oncology; ¶Surgery/Surgical Oncology; ÞInternal Medicine; ΣPharmacology/Pharmacy; ΦInfectious Diseases; ¥Patient Advocacy

  • Collapse
  • Expand
  • 1.

    U.S. Statistics. HIV.gov; 2017. Available at: https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/data-and-trends/statistics. Accessed August 16, 2017.

  • 2.

    Goedert JJ, Cote TR, Virgo P et al.. Spectrum of AIDS-associated malignant disorders. Lancet 1998;351:18331839.

  • 3.

    Frisch M, Biggar RJ, Engels EA et al.. Association of cancer with AIDS-related immunosuppression in adults. JAMA 2001;285:17361745.

  • 4.

    Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration. Survival of HIV-positive patients starting antiretroviral therapy between 1996 and 2013: a collaborative analysis of cohort studies. Lancet HIV 2017;4:e349356.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 5.

    Detels R, Munoz A, McFarlane G et al.. Effectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapy on time to AIDS and death in men with known HIV infection duration. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study Investigators. JAMA 1998;280:14971503.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 6.

    Palella FJ Jr, Delaney KM, Moorman AC et al.. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1998;338:853860.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 7.

    Cobucci RN, Lima PH, de Souza PC et al.. Assessing the impact of HAART on the incidence of defining and non-defining AIDS cancers among patients with HIV/AIDS: a systematic review. J Infect Public Health 2015;8:110.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 8.

    Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Goedert JJ et al.. Trends in cancer risk among people with AIDS in the United States 1980–2002. AIDS 2006;20:16451654.

  • 9.

    Engels EA, Biggar RJ, Hall HI et al.. Cancer risk in people infected with human immunodeficiency virus in the United States. Int J Cancer 2008;123:187194.

  • 10.

    Patel P, Hanson DL, Sullivan PS et al.. Incidence of types of cancer among HIV-infected persons compared with the general population in the United States, 1992–2003. Ann Intern Med 2008;148:728736.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 11.

    Robbins HA, Shiels MS, Pfeiffer RM, Engels EA. Epidemiologic contributions to recent cancer trends among HIV-infected people in the United States. AIDS 2014;28:881890.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 12.

    Shiels MS, Pfeiffer RM, Gail MH et al.. Cancer burden in the HIV-infected population in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011;103:753762.

  • 13.

    Robbins HA, Pfeiffer RM, Shiels MS et al.. Excess cancers among HIV-infected people in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015;107:pii: dju503.

  • 14.

    Angeletti PC, Zhang L, Wood C. The viral etiology of AIDS-associated malignancies. Adv Pharmacol 2008;56:509557.

  • 15.

    Chaturvedi AK, Madeleine MM, Biggar RJ, Engels EA. Risk of human papillomavirus-associated cancers among persons with AIDS. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009;101:11201130.

  • 16.

    Grulich AE, van Leeuwen MT, Falster MO, Vajdic CM. Incidence of cancers in people with HIV/AIDS compared with immunosuppressed transplant recipients: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2007;370:5967.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 17.

    Hernandez-Ramirez RU, Shiels MS, Dubrow R, Engels EA. Cancer risk in HIV-infected people in the USA from 1996 to 2012: a population-based, registry-linkage study. Lancet HIV 2017;4:e495504.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 18.

    Meijide H, Pertega S, Rodriguez-Osorio I et al.. Increased incidence of cancer observed in HIV/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients versus HIV-monoinfected. AIDS 2017;15:10991107.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 19.

    Tesoriero JM, Gieryic SM, Carrascal A, Lavigne HE. Smoking among HIV positive New Yorkers: prevalence, frequency, and opportunities for cessation. AIDS Behav 2010;14:824835.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 20.

    Helleberg M, Afzal S, Kronborg G et al.. Mortality attributable to smoking among HIV-1-infected individuals: a nationwide, population-based cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 2013;56:727734.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 21.

    McGinnis KA, Fultz SL, Skanderson M et al.. Hepatocellular carcinoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: the roles of HIV, hepatitis C infection, and alcohol abuse. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:50055009.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 22.

    Park LS, Hernandez-Ramirez RU, Silverberg MJ et al.. Prevalence of non-HIV cancer risk factors in persons living with HIV/AIDS: a meta-analysis. AIDS 2016;30:273291.

  • 23.

    Rentsch C, Tate JP, Akgun KM et al.. Alcohol-related diagnoses and all-cause hospitalization among HIV-infected and uninfected patients: a longitudinal analysis of United States veterans from 1997 to 2011. AIDS Behav 2016;20:555564.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 24.

    U.S. National Library of Medicine-Key MEDLINE Indicators. Available at: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/bsd_key.html. Accessed August 15, 2017.

  • 25.

    Biggar RJ, Engels EA, Ly S et al.. Survival after cancer diagnosis in persons with AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005;39:293299.

  • 26.

    Coghill AE, Shiels MS, Suneja G, Engels EA. Elevated cancer-specific mortality among HIV-infected patients in the United States. J Clin Oncol 2015;33:23762383.

  • 27.

    Coghill AE, Pfeiffer RM, Shiels MS, Engels EA. Excess mortality among HIV-infected individuals with cancer in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017;26:10271033.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 28.

    Marcus JL, Chao C, Leyden WA et al.. Survival among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals with common non-AIDS-defining cancers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015;24:11671173.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 29.

    Brock MV, Hooker CM, Engels EA et al.. Delayed diagnosis and elevated mortality in an urban population with HIV and lung cancer: implications for patient care. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006;43:4755.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 30.

    Ferreira MP, Coghill AE, Chaves CB et al.. Outcomes of cervical cancer among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women treated at the Brazilian National Institute of Cancer. AIDS 2017;31:523531.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 31.

    Dryden-Peterson S, Bvochora-Nsingo M, Suneja G et al.. HIV infection and survival among women with cervical cancer. J Clin Oncol 2016;34:37493757.

  • 32.

    Suneja G, Lin CC, Simard EP et al.. Disparities in cancer treatment among patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Cancer 2016;122:23992407.

  • 33.

    Suneja G, Shiels MS, Angulo R et al.. Cancer treatment disparities in HIV-infected individuals in the United States. J Clin Oncol 2014;32:23442350.

  • 34.

    Suneja G, Boyer M, Yehia BR et al.. Cancer treatment in patients with HIV infection and non-AIDS-defining cancers: a survey of US oncologists. J Oncol Pract 2015;11:e380387.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 35.

    Marks G, Crepaz N, Senterfitt JW, Janssen RS. Meta-analysis of high-risk sexual behavior in persons aware and unaware they are infected with HIV in the United States: implications for HIV prevention programs. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005;39:446453.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 36.

    Branson BM, Handsfield HH, Lampe MA et al.. Revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in health-care settings. MMWR Recomm Rep 2006;55:117; quiz CE11–14.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 37.

    Chiao EY, Dezube BJ, Krown SE et al.. Time for oncologists to opt in for routine opt-out HIV testing? JAMA 2010;304:334339.

  • 38.

    Hwang JP, Granwehr BP, Torres HA et al.. HIV testing in patients with cancer at the initiation of therapy at a large US comprehensive cancer center. J Oncol Pract 2015;11:384390.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 39.

    Li J, Thompson TD, Tai E et al.. Testing for human immunodeficiency virus among cancer survivors under age 65 in the United States. Prev Chronic Dis 2014;11:E200.

  • 40.

    HIV Care Continuum. HIV.gov; 2017. Available at: https://www.hiv.gov/federal-response/policies-issues/hiv-aids-care-continuum. Accessed August 16, 2017.

  • 41.

    Flash CA, Pasalar S, Hemmige V et al.. Benefits of a routine opt-out HIV testing and linkage to care program for previously diagnosed patients in publicly funded emergency departments in Houston, TX. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015;69(Suppl 1):S815.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 42.

    Irvine MK, Chamberlin SA, Robbins RS et al.. Improvements in HIV care engagement and viral load suppression following enrollment in a comprehensive HIV care coordination program. Clin Infect Dis 2015;60:298310.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 43.

    Kitahata MM, Gange SJ, Abraham AG et al.. Effect of early versus deferred antiretroviral therapy for HIV on survival. N Engl J Med 2009;360:18151826.

  • 44.

    Silverberg MJ, Neuhaus J, Bower M et al.. Risk of cancers during interrupted antiretroviral therapy in the SMART study. AIDS 2007;21:19571963.

  • 45.

    El-Sadr WM, Lundgren J, Neaton JD et al.. CD4+ count-guided interruption of antiretroviral treatment. N Engl J Med 2006;355:22832296.

  • 46.

    Hessol NA, Pipkin S, Schwarcz S et al.. The impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on non-AIDS-defining cancers among adults with AIDS. Am J Epidemiol 2007;165:11431153.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 47.

    Gerard L, Galicier L, Maillard A et al.. Systemic non-Hodgkin lymphoma in HIV-infected patients with effective suppression of HIV replication: persistent occurrence but improved survival. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002;30:478484.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 48.

    Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents. AIDSinfo; 2016. Available at: https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adultandadolescentgl.pdf. Accessed August 16, 2017.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 49.

    Torres HA, Mulanovich V. Management of HIV infection in patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59:106114.

  • 50.

    Buchacz K, Baker RK, Palella FJ Jr et al.. AIDS-defining opportunistic illnesses in US patients, 1994-2007: a cohort study. AIDS 2010;24:15491559.

  • 51.

    Ledergerber B, Egger M, Erard V et al.. AIDS-related opportunistic illnesses occurring after initiation of potent antiretroviral therapy: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. JAMA 1999;282:22202226.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 52.

    Schwarcz L, Chen MJ, Vittinghoff E et al.. Declining incidence of AIDS-defining opportunistic illnesses: results from 16 years of population-based AIDS surveillance. AIDS 2013;27:597605.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 53.

    Djawe K, Buchacz K, Hsu L et al.. Mortality risk after AIDS-defining opportunistic illness among HIV-infected persons—San Francisco, 1981–2012. J Infect Dis 2015;212:13661375.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 54.

    Borg C, Ray-Coquard I, Philip I et al.. CD4 lymphopenia as a risk factor for febrile neutropenia and early death after cytotoxic chemotherapy in adult patients with cancer. Cancer 2004;101:26752680.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 55.

    Dale DC, McCarter GC, Crawford J, Lyman GH. Myelotoxicity and dose intensity of chemotherapy: reporting practices from randomized clinical trials. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2003;1:440454.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 56.

    Seropian S, Nadkarni R, Jillella AP et al.. Neutropenic infections in 100 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or Hodgkin's disease treated with high-dose BEAM chemotherapy and peripheral blood progenitor cell transplant: out-patient treatment is a viable option. Bone Marrow Transplant 1999;23:599605.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 57.

    Savage DG, Lindenbaum J, Garrett TJ. Biphasic pattern of bacterial infection in multiple myeloma. Ann Intern Med 1982;96:4750.

  • 58.

    Griffiths H, Lea J, Bunch C et al.. Predictors of infection in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Clin Exp Immunol 1992;89:374377.

  • 59.

    Bodey GP, Buckley M, Sathe YS, Freireich EJ. Quantitative relationships between circulating leukocytes and infection in patients with acute leukemia. Ann Intern Med 1966;64:328340.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 60.

    Schimpff SC. Empiric antibiotic therapy for granulocytopenic cancer patients. Am J Med 1986;80:1320.

  • 61.

    Morrison VA. Immunosuppression associated with novel chemotherapy agents and monoclonal antibodies. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59(Suppl 5):S360364.

  • 62.

    Ngidi S, Magula N, Sartorius B et al.. Incidence of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in HIV-infected and uninfected patients with breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. S Afr Med J 2017;107:595601.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 63.

    Park J, Kim TM, Hwang JH et al.. Risk factors for febrile neutropenia during chemotherapy for HIV-related lymphoma. J Korean Med Sci 2012;27:14681471.

  • 64.

    Sparano JA, Hu X, Wiernik PH et al.. Opportunistic infection and immunologic function in patients with human immunodeficiency virus-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with chemotherapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89:301307.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 65.

    Wang ES, Straus DJ, Teruya-Feldstein J et al.. Intensive chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, high-dose methotrexate/ifosfamide, etoposide, and high-dose cytarabine (CODOX-M/IVAC) for human immunodeficiency virus-associated Burkitt lymphoma. Cancer 2003;98:11961205.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 66.

    Baser S, Shannon VR, Eapen GA et al.. Smoking cessation after diagnosis of lung cancer is associated with a beneficial effect on performance status. Chest 2006;130:17841790.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 67.

    Parsons A, Daley A, Begh R, Aveyard P. Influence of smoking cessation after diagnosis of early stage lung cancer on prognosis: systematic review of observational studies with meta-analysis. BMJ 2010;340:b5569.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 68.

    Mason DP, Subramanian S, Nowicki ER et al.. Impact of smoking cessation before resection of lung cancer: a Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Surgery Database study. Ann Thorac Surg 2009;88:362370.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 69.

    Khuri FR, Kim ES, Lee JJ et al.. The impact of smoking status, disease stage, and index tumor site on second primary tumor incidence and tumor recurrence in the head and neck retinoid chemoprevention trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001;10:823829.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 70.

    Roach MC, Rehman S, DeWees TA et al.. It's never too late: smoking cessation after stereotactic body radiation therapy for non-small cell lung carcinoma improves overall survival. Pract Radiat Oncol 2016;6:1218.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 71.

    Dobson Amato KA, Hyland A, Reed R et al.. Tobacco cessation may improve lung cancer patient survival. J Thorac Oncol 2015;10:10141019.

  • 72.

    Richardson GE, Tucker MA, Venzon DJ et al.. Smoking cessation after successful treatment of small-cell lung cancer is associated with fewer smoking-related second primary cancers. Ann Intern Med 1993;119:383390.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 73.

    Kuri M, Nakagawa M, Tanaka H et al.. Determination of the duration of preoperative smoking cessation to improve wound healing after head and neck surgery. Anesthesiology 2005;102:892896.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 74.

    Davison JM, Subramaniam RM, Surasi DS et al.. FDG PET/CT in patients with HIV. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011;197:284294.

  • 75.

    Goodman PC. Radiographic assessment of HIV-associated diseases. HIV InSite 2006. Available at: http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=kb-00&doc=kb-04-01-16. Accessed July 24, 2018.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 76.

    Scharko AM, Perlman SB, Pyzalski RW et al.. Whole-body positron emission tomography in patients with HIV-1 infection. Lancet 2003;362:959961.

  • 77.

    Brust D, Polis M, Davey R et al.. Fluorodeoxyglucose imaging in healthy subjects with HIV infection: impact of disease stage and therapy on pattern of nodal activation. AIDS 2006;20:985993.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 78.

    Goshen E, Davidson T, Avigdor A et al.. PET/CT in the evaluation of lymphoma in patients with HIV-1 with suppressed viral loads. Clin Nucl Med 2008;33:610614.

  • 79.

    Allen CM, Al-Jahdali HH, Irion KL et al.. Imaging lung manifestations of HIV/AIDS. Ann Thorac Med 2010;5:201216.

  • 80.

    Gingo MR, Morris A. Pathogenesis of HIV and the lung. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2013;10:4250.

  • 81.

    Langford TD, Letendre SL, Larrea GJ, Masliah E. Changing patterns in the neuropathogenesis of HIV during the HAART era. Brain Pathol 2003;13:195210.

  • 82.

    Gottumukkala RV, Romero JM, Riascos RF et al.. Imaging of the brain in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2014;23:275291.

  • 83.

    Sathekge M, Maes A, Van de Wiele C. FDG-PET imaging in HIV infection and tuberculosis. Semin Nucl Med 2013;43:349366.

  • 84.

    Restrepo CS, Lemos DF, Gordillo H et al.. Imaging findings in musculoskeletal complications of AIDS. Radiographics 2004;24:10291049.

  • 85.

    Mangioni D, Bandera A, Muscatello A et al.. Focal bone lesions in HIV-positive patient treated with tenofovir. BMC Infect Dis 2014;14:131.

  • 86.

    Yee J, Wall SD. Gastrointestinal manifestations of AIDS. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1995;24:413434.

  • 87.

    Lefkowitch JH. Pathology of AIDS-related liver disease. Dig Dis 1994;12:321330.

  • 88.

    Sparano JA, Wiernik PH, Hu X et al.. Saquinavir enhances the mucosal toxicity of infusional cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide in patients with HIV-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Med Oncol 1998;15:5057.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 89.

    Rudek MA, Flexner C, Ambinder RF. Use of antineoplastic agents in patients with cancer who have HIV/AIDS. Lancet Oncol 2011;12:905912.

  • 90.

    Larson KB, Wang K, Delille C et al.. Pharmacokinetic enhancers in HIV therapeutics. Clin Pharmacokinet 2014;53:865872.

  • 91.

    Deeken JF, Beumer JH, Anders NM et al.. Preclinical assessment of the interactions between the antiretroviral drugs, ritonavir and efavirenz, and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2015;76:813819.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 92.

    Rudek MA, Chang CY, Steadman K et al.. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) component ritonavir significantly alters docetaxel exposure. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2014;73:729736.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 93.

    Rudek MA, Moore PC, Mitsuyasu RT et al.. A phase 1/pharmacokinetic study of sunitinib in combination with highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients with cancer: AIDS Malignancy Consortium trial AMC 061. Cancer 2014;120:11941202.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 94.

    Rubinstein PG, Braik T, Jain S et al.. Ritonavir based highly active retroviral therapy (HAART) correlates with early neurotoxicity when combined with ABVD treated HIV associated Hodgkin lymphoma but not non-Hodgkin lymphoma. A retrospective study [abstract]. Blood 2010;116:Abstract 2807.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 95.

    Casado JL, Machuca I, Banon S et al.. Raltegravir plus two nucleoside analogues as combination antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients who require cancer chemotherapy. Antivir Ther 2015;20:773777.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 96.

    Torres HA, Rallapalli V, Saxena A et al.. Efficacy and safety of antiretrovirals in HIV-infected patients with cancer. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014;20:O672679.

  • 97.

    Moyle GJ, Sadler M. Peripheral neuropathy with nucleoside antiretrovirals: risk factors, incidence and management. Drug Saf 1998;19:481494.

  • 98.

    Bower M, McCall-Peat N, Ryan N et al.. Protease inhibitors potentiate chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. Blood 2004;104:29432946.

  • 99.

    Bower M, Powles T, Stebbing J, Thirlwell C. Potential antiretroviral drug interactions with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:13281329; author reply 1329–1330.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 100.

    Hughes CA, Robinson L, Tseng A, MacArthur RD. New antiretroviral drugs: a review of the efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics, and resistance profile of tipranavir, darunavir, etravirine, rilpivirine, maraviroc, and raltegravir. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009;10:24452466.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 101.

    Ly T, Ruiz ME. Prolonged QT interval and torsades de pointes associated with atazanavir therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:e6768.

  • 102.

    Behrens G, Dejam A, Schmidt H et al.. Impaired glucose tolerance, beta cell function and lipid metabolism in HIV patients under treatment with protease inhibitors. AIDS 1999;13:F6370.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 103.

    Hoffman R, Welton ML, Klencke B et al.. The significance of pretreatment CD4 count on the outcome and treatment tolerance of HIV-positive patients with anal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999;44:127131.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 104.

    Holland JM, Swift PS. Tolerance of patients with human immunodeficiency virus and anal carcinoma to treatment with combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Radiology 1994;193:251254.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 105.

    Kim JH, Sarani B, Orkin BA et al.. HIV-positive patients with anal carcinoma have poorer treatment tolerance and outcome than HIV-negative patients. Dis Colon Rectum 2001;44:14961502.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 106.

    Alongi F, Giaj-Levra N, Sciascia S et al.. Radiotherapy in patients with HIV: current issues and review of the literature. Lancet Oncol 2017;18:e379393.

  • 107.

    Chiao EY, Giordano TP, Richardson P, El-Serag HB. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated squamous cell cancer of the anus: epidemiology and outcomes in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:474479.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 108.

    Seo Y, Kinsella MT, Reynolds HL et al.. Outcomes of chemoradiotherapy with 5-Fluorouracil and mitomycin C for anal cancer in immunocompetent versus immunodeficient patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009;75:143149.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 109.

    Lord RV. Anorectal surgery in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: factors associated with delayed wound healing. Ann Surg 1997;226:9299.

  • 110.

    Burke EC, Orloff SL, Freise CE et al.. Wound healing after anorectal surgery in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Arch Surg 1991;126:12671270.

  • 111.

    Buehrer JL, Weber DJ, Meyer AA et al.. Wound infection rates after invasive procedures in HIV-1 seropositive versus HIV-1 seronegative hemophiliacs. Ann Surg 1990;211:492498.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 112.

    Horberg MA, Hurley LB, Klein DB et al.. Surgical outcomes in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Arch Surg 2006;141:12381245.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 113.

    Alfa-Wali M, Dalla Pria A, Nelson M et al.. Surgical excision alone for stage T1 anal verge cancers in people living with HIV. Eur J Surg Oncol 2016;42:813816.

  • 114.

    Leeds IL, Alturki H, Canner JK et al.. Outcomes of abdominoperineal resection for management of anal cancer in HIV-positive patients: a national case review. World J Surg Oncol 2016;14:208.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 115.

    Lefevre JH, Corte H, Tiret E et al.. Abdominoperineal resection for squamous cell anal carcinoma: survival and risk factors for recurrence. Ann Surg Oncol 2012;19:41864192.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 116.

    Izadmehr S, Leapman M, Hobbs AR et al.. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of HIV-seropositive men treated with surgery for prostate cancer. Int Urol Nephrol 2016;48:16391645.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 117.

    Silberstein JL, Parsons JK, Palazzi-Churas K et al.. Robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy in men with human immunodeficiency virus. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2010;13:328332.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 118.

    Sigel C, Cavalcanti MS, Daniel T et al.. Clinicopathologic features of colorectal carcinoma in HIV-positive patients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016;25:10981104.

  • 119.

    Di Benedetto F, Tarantino G, Ercolani G et al.. Multicenter Italian experience in liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV-infected patients. Oncologist 2013;18:592599.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 120.

    Bizer LS, Pettorino R, Ashikari A. Emergency abdominal operations in the patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Am Coll Surg 1995;180:205209.

  • 121.

    Cacala SR, Mafana E, Thomson SR, Smith A. Prevalence of HIV status and CD4 counts in a surgical cohort: their relationship to clinical outcome. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2006;88:4651.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 122.

    Harris HW, Schecter WP. Surgical risk assessment and management in patients with HIV disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1997;26:377391.

  • 123.

    Madiba TE, Muckart DJ, Thomson SR. Human immunodeficiency disease: how should it affect surgical decision making? World J Surg 2009;33:899909.

  • 124.

    Yii MK, Saunder A, Scott DF. Abdominal surgery in HIV/AIDS patients: indications, operative management, pathology and outcome. Aust N Z J Surg 1995;65:320326.

  • 125.

    Fausto JA Jr, Selwyn PA. Palliative care in the management of advanced HIV/AIDS. Prim Care 2011;38:311326.

  • 126.

    Lee JY, Dhakal I, Casper C et al.. Risk of cancer among commercially insured HIV-infected adults on antiretroviral therapy. J Cancer Epidemiol 2016;2016:2138259.

  • 127.

    Shiels MS, Pfeiffer RM, Hall HI et al.. Proportions of Kaposi sarcoma, selected non-Hodgkin lymphomas, and cervical cancer in the United States occurring in persons with AIDS, 1980–2007. JAMA 2011;305:14501459.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 128.

    Trepka MJ, Auf R, Fennie KP et al.. Deaths due to screenable cancers among people living with HIV infection, Florida, 2000–2014. Am J Prev Med 2017;53:705709.

  • 129.

    Levine AM, Seaberg EC, Hessol NA et al.. HIV as a risk factor for lung cancer in women: data from the Women's Interagency HIV Study. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:15141519.

  • 130.

    Kirk GD, Merlo C, O'Driscoll P et al.. HIV infection is associated with an increased risk for lung cancer, independent of smoking. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:103110.

  • 131.

    Sigel K, Wisnivesky J, Crothers K et al.. Immunological and infectious risk factors for lung cancer in US veterans with HIV: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet HIV 2017;4:e6773.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 132.

    Reddy KP, Kong CY, Hyle EP et al.. Lung cancer mortality associated with smoking and smoking cessation among people living with HIV in the United States. JAMA Intern Med 2017;177:16131621.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 133.

    National Lung Screening Trial Research T Aberle DR, Adams AM et al.. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med 2011;365:395409.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 134.

    National Lung Screening Trial Research T Church TR, Black WC et al.. Results of initial low-dose computed tomographic screening for lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2013;368:19801991.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 135.

    Hulbert A, Hooker CM, Keruly JC et al.. Prospective CT screening for lung cancer in a high-risk population: HIV-positive smokers. J Thorac Oncol 2014;9:752759.

  • 136.

    Makinson A, Eymard-Duvernay S, Raffi F et al.. Feasibility and efficacy of early lung cancer diagnosis with chest computed tomography in HIV-infected smokers. AIDS 2016;30:573582.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 137.

    Ronit A, Kristensen T, Klitbo DM et al.. Incidental lung cancers and positive computed tomography images in people living with HIV. AIDS 2017;31:19731977.

  • 138.

    Powles T, Thirwell C, Newsom-Davis T et al.. Does HIV adversely influence the outcome in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer in the era of HAART? Br J Cancer 2003;89:457459.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 139.

    Lee JY, Moore PC, Lensing SY. Impact of HIV infection on Medicare beneficiaries with lung cancer. J Cancer Epidemiol 2012;2012:706469.

  • 140.

    Lee JY, Moore PC, Steliga MA. Do HIV-infected non-small cell lung cancer patients receive guidance-concordant care? Med Care 2013;51:10631068.

  • 141.

    Suneja G, Shiels MS, Melville SK et al.. Disparities in the treatment and outcomes of lung cancer among HIV-infected individuals. AIDS 2013;27:459468.

  • 142.

    Hooker CM, Meguid RA, Hulbert A et al.. Human immunodeficiency virus infection as a prognostic factor in surgical patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2012;93:405412.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 143.

    Palefsky JM, Holly EA, Ralston ML, Jay N. Prevalence and risk factors for human papillomavirus infection of the anal canal in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative homosexual men. J Infect Dis 1998;177:361367.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 144.

    Colon-Lopez V, Shiels MS, Machin M et al.. Anal cancer risk among people with HIV infection in the United States. J Clin Oncol 2018;13:6875.

  • 145.

    Piketty C, Selinger-Leneman H, Bouvier AM et al.. Incidence of HIV-related anal cancer remains increased despite long-term combined antiretroviral treatment: results from the french hospital database on HIV. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:43604366.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 146.

    Duncan KC, Chan KJ, Chiu CG et al.. HAART slows progression to anal cancer in HIV-infected MSM. AIDS 2015;29:305311.

  • 147.

    Libois A, Feoli F, Nkuize M et al.. Prolonged antiretroviral therapy is associated with fewer anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-positive MSM in a cross-sectional study. Sex Transm Infect 2017;93:1517.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 148.

    Gaisa M, Sigel K, Hand J, Goldstone S. High rates of anal dysplasia in HIV-infected men who have sex with men, women, and heterosexual men. AIDS 2014;28:215222.

  • 149.

    Berry JM, Jay N, Cranston RD et al.. Progression of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions to invasive anal cancer among HIV-infected men who have sex with men. Int J Cancer 2014;134:11471155.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 150.

    Scholefield JH, Castle MT, Watson NF. Malignant transformation of high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia. Br J Surg 2005;92:11331136.

  • 151.

    Tinmouth J, Peeva V, Amare H et al.. Progression from perianal high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia to anal cancer in HIV-positive men who have sex with men. Dis Colon Rectum 2016;59:836842.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 152.

    Watson AJ, Smith BB, Whitehead MR et al.. Malignant progression of anal intra-epithelial neoplasia. ANZ J Surg 2006;76:715717.

  • 153.

    Gautier M, Brochard C, Lion A et al.. High-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia: progression to invasive cancer is not a certainty. Dig Liver Dis 2016;48:806811.

  • 154.

    Goldstone SE, Johnstone AA, Moshier EL. Long-term outcome of ablation of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions: recurrence and incidence of cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2014;57:316323.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 155.

    Barroso LF. Anal cancer screening. Lancet Oncol 2012;13:e278279; author reply e280.

  • 156.

    Palefsky J, Berry JM, Jay N. Anal cancer screening. Lancet Oncol 2012;13:e279280; author reply e280.

  • 157.

    Park IU, Palefsky JM. Evaluation and management of anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-negative and HIV-positive men who have sex with men. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2010;12:126133.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 158.

    Roark R. The need for anal dysplasia screening and treatment programs for HIV-infected men who have sex with men: a review of the literature. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2011;22:433443.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 159.

    Scholefield JH, Harris D, Radcliffe A. Guidelines for management of anal intraepithelial neoplasia. Colorectal Dis 2011;13(Suppl 1):310.

  • 160.

    Wentzensen N. Screening for anal cancer: endpoints needed. Lancet Oncol 2012;13:438440.

  • 161.

    Xu J, Zhou H. Screening for anal cancer in HIV positive patients: should we make it a standard-of-care [published online September 27, 2017]? J Invest Surg 2017, doi: 10.1080/08941939.2017.1369608

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 162.

    Alam NN, White DA, Narang SK et al.. Systematic review of guidelines for the assessment and management of high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN II/III). Colorectal Dis 2016;18:135146.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 163.

    Hartschuh W, Breitkopf C, Lenhard B et al.. S1 guideline: anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) and perianal intraepithelial neoplasia (PAIN). J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2011;9:256258.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 164.

    Steele SR, Varma MG, Melton GB et al.. Practice parameters for anal squamous neoplasms. Dis Colon Rectum 2012;55:735749.

  • 165.

    Johnstone AA, Silvera R, Goldstone SE. Targeted ablation of perianal high-grade dysplasia in men who have sex with men: an alternative to mapping and wide local excision. Dis Colon Rectum 2015;58:4552.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 166.

    Smulian AG, Moore DM, Robertson JC, Kralovic SM. Phase I study demonstrates safety and tolerability of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of the anal mucosa. HIV Clin Trials 2014;15:3644.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 167.

    Willems N, Libois A, Nkuize M et al.. Treatment of anal dysplasia in HIV-positive men who have sex with men in a large AIDS reference centre. Acta Clin Belg 2017;72:2935.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 168.

    Richel O, de Vries HJ, van Noesel CJ et al.. Comparison of imiquimod, topical fluorouracil, and electrocautery for the treatment of anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-positive men who have sex with men: an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2013;14:346353.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 169.

    Bryant AK, Mudgway R, Huynh-Le MP et al.. Effect of CD4 count on treatment toxicity and tumor recurrence in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients with anal cancer. Intl J Rad Onc Biol Phys 2018;100:479485.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 170.

    Bryant AK, Huynh-Le MP, Simpson DR et al.. Association of HIV status with outcomes of anal squamous cell carcinoma in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. JAMA Oncol 2018;4:120122.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 171.

    Grew D, Bitterman D, Leichman CG et al.. HIV infection is associated with poor outcomes for patients with anal cancer in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. Dis Colon Rectum 2015;58:11301136.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 172.

    Oehler-Janne C, Huguet F, Provencher S et al.. HIV-specific differences in outcome of squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal: a multicentric cohort study of HIV-positive patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:25502557.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 173.

    White EC, Khodayari B, Erickson KT et al.. Comparison of toxicity and treatment outcomes in HIV-positive versus HIV-negative patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. Am J Clin Oncol 2014;40:386392.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 174.

    Martin D, Balermpas P, Fokas E et al.. Are there HIV-specific differences for anal cancer patients treated with standard chemoradiotherapy in the era of combined antiretroviral therapy? Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2017;29:248255.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 175.

    Pappou EP, Magruder JT, Fu T et al.. Prognostic and predictive clinicopathologic factors of squamous anal canal cancer in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients: does HAART influence outcomes? World J Surg 2018;42:876883.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 176.

    Oliveira SC, Moniz CM, Riechelmann R et al.. Phase II study of capecitabine in substitution of 5-FU in the chemoradiotherapy regimen for patients with localized squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. J Gastrointest Cancer 2016;47:7581.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 177.

    Morris VK, Salem ME, Nimeiri H et al.. Nivolumab for previously treated unresectable metastatic anal cancer (NCI9673): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol 2017;18:446453.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 178.

    Garg M, Lee JY, Kachnic LA et al.. Phase II trials of cetuximab (CX) plus cisplatin (CDDP), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and radiation (RT) in immunocompetent (ECOG 3205) and HIV-positive (AMC045) patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal (SCAC): safety and preliminary efficacy results [abstract]. J Clin Oncol 2012;30(15 Suppl):Abstract 4030.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 179.

    Garg MK, Zhao F, Sparano JA et al.. Cetuximab plus chemoradiotherapy in immunocompetent patients with anal carcinoma: a phase II Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group-American College of Radiology Imaging Network Cancer Research Group trial (E3205). J Clin Oncol 2017;35:718726.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 180.

    Sparano JA, Lee JY, Palefsky J et al.. Cetuximab plus chemoradiotherapy for HIV-associated anal carcinoma: a phase II AIDS Malignancy Consortium trial. J Clin Oncol 2017;35:727733.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 181.

    Biggar RJ, Jaffe ES, Goedert JJ et al.. Hodgkin lymphoma and immunodeficiency in persons with HIV/AIDS. Blood 2006;108:37863791.

  • 182.

    Kowalkowski MA, Mims MP, Amiran ES et al.. Effect of immune reconstitution on the incidence of HIV-related Hodgkin lymphoma. PLoS One 2013;8:e77409.

  • 183.

    Mani H, Jaffe ES. Hodgkin lymphoma: an update on its biology with new insights into classification. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma 2009;9:206216.

  • 184.

    Ruiz M, Parsons C, Cole J. Characterization of HIV-associated Hodgkin's lymphoma in HIV-infected patients: a single-center experience. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic) 2012;11:234238.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 185.

    Sorigue M, Garcia O, Tapia G et al.. HIV-infection has no prognostic impact on advanced-stage Hodgkin lymphoma. AIDS 2017;31:14451449.

  • 186.

    Diez-Martin JL, Balsalobre P, Re A et al.. Comparable survival between HIV+ and HIV- non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphoma patients undergoing autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Blood 2009;113:60116014.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 187.

    Xicoy B, Ribera JM, Miralles P et al.. Results of treatment with doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine and highly active antiretroviral therapy in advanced stage, human immunodeficiency virus-related Hodgkin's lymphoma. Haematologica 2007;92:191198.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 188.

    Serraino D, Carbone A, Franceschi S, Tirelli U. Increased frequency of lymphocyte depletion and mixed cellularity subtypes of Hodgkin's disease in HIV-infected patients. Italian Cooperative Group on AIDS and Tumours. Eur J Cancer 1993;29A:19481950.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 189.

    Tirelli U, Errante D, Dolcetti R et al.. Hodgkin's disease and human immunodeficiency virus infection: clinicopathologic and virologic features of 114 patients from the Italian Cooperative Group on AIDS and Tumors. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:17581767.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 190.

    Besson C, Lancar R, Prevot S et al.. High risk features contrast with favorable outcomes in HIV-associated Hodgkin lymphoma in the modern cART era, ANRS CO16 LYMPHOVIR cohort. Clin Infect Dis 2015;61:14691475.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 191.

    Shah BK, Subramaniam S, Peace D, Garcia C. HIV-associated primary bone marrow Hodgkin's lymphoma: a distinct entity? J Clin Oncol 2010;28:e459460.

  • 192.

    O'Neill A, Mikesch K, Fritsch K et al.. Outcomes for HIV-positive patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma after high-dose chemotherapy and auto-SCT. Bone Marrow Transplant 2015;50:9991000.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 193.

    Glaser SL, Clarke CA, Gulley ML et al.. Population-based patterns of human immunodeficiency virus-related Hodgkin lymphoma in the Greater San Francisco Bay Area, 1988–1998. Cancer 2003;98:300309.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 194.

    Montoto S, Shaw K, Okosun J et al.. HIV status does not influence outcome in patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma treated with chemotherapy using doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:41114116.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 195.

    Shiels MS, Koritzinsky EH, Clarke CA et al.. Prevalence of HIV Infection among U.S. Hodgkin lymphoma cases. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23:274281.

  • 196.

    Hoffmann C, Chow KU, Wolf E et al.. Strong impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on survival in patients with human immunodeficiency virus-associated Hodgkin's disease. Br J Haematol 2004;125:455462.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 197.

    Olszewski AJ, Castillo JJ. Outcomes of HIV-associated Hodgkin lymphoma in the era of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2016;30:787796.

  • 198.

    Han X, Jemal A, Hulland E et al.. HIV infection and survival of lymphoma patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017;26:303311.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 199.

    Spina M, Gabarre J, Rossi G et al.. Stanford V regimen and concomitant HAART in 59 patients with Hodgkin disease and HIV infection. Blood 2002;100:19841988.

  • 200.

    Hartmann P, Rehwald U, Salzberger B et al.. BEACOPP therapeutic regimen for patients with Hodgkin's disease and HIV infection. Ann Oncol 2003;14:15621569.

  • 201.

    Hentrich M, Berger M, Wyen C et al.. Stage-adapted treatment of HIV-associated Hodgkin lymphoma: results of a prospective multicenter study. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:41174123.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 202.

    Ezzat HM, Cheung MC, Hicks LK et al.. Incidence, predictors and significance of severe toxicity in patients with human immunodeficiency virus-associated Hodgkin lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2012;53:23902396.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 203.

    Spitzer TR, Ambinder RF, Lee JY et al.. Dose-reduced busulfan, cyclophosphamide, and autologous stem cell transplantation for human immunodeficiency virus-associated lymphoma: AIDS Malignancy Consortium study 020. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2008;14:5966.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 204.

    Balsalobre P, Diez-Martin JL, Re A et al.. Autologous stem-cell transplantation in patients with HIV-related lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:21922198.

  • 205.

    Alvarnas JC, Le Rademacher J, Wang Y et al.. Autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation for HIV-related lymphoma: results of the BMT CTN 0803/AMC 071 trial. Blood 2016;128:10501058.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 206.

    Okosun J, Warbey V, Shaw K et al.. Interim fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-PET predicts response and progression-free survival in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma and HIV infection. AIDS 2012;26:861865.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 207.

    Danilov AV, Li H, Press OW et al.. Feasibility of interim positron emission tomography (PET)-adapted therapy in HIV-positive patients with advanced Hodgkin lymphoma (HL): a sub-analysis of SWOG S0816 phase 2 trial. Leuk Lymphoma 2017;58:461465.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 208.

    Johnson P, Federico M, Kirkwood A et al.. Adapted treatment guided by interim PET-CT scan in advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med 2016;374:24192429.

  • 209.

    Andrieu JM, Roithmann S, Tourani JM et al.. Hodgkin's disease during HIV1 infection: the French registry experience. French Registry of HIV-associated Tumors. Ann Oncol 1993;4:635641.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 210.

    Walboomers JM, Jacobs MV, Manos MM et al.. Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. J Pathol 1999;189:1219.

  • 211.

    Adebamowo SN, Olawande O, Famooto A et al.. Persistent low-risk and high-risk human papillomavirus infections of the uterine cervix in HIV-negative and HIV-positive women. Front Public Health 2017;5:178.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 212.

    McDonald AC, Tergas AI, Kuhn L et al.. Distribution of human papillomavirus genotypes among HIV-positive and HIV-negative women in Cape Town, South Africa. Front Oncol 2014;4:48.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 213.

    Abraham AG, D'Souza G, Jing Y et al.. Invasive cervical cancer risk among HIV-infected women: a North American multicohort collaboration prospective study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013;62:405413.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 214.

    Chen YC, Li CY, Liu HY et al.. Effect of antiretroviral therapy on the incidence of cervical neoplasia among HIV-infected women: a population-based cohort study in Taiwan. AIDS 2014;28:709715.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 215.

    Adler DH, Kakinami L, Modisenyane T et al.. Increased regression and decreased incidence of human papillomavirus-related cervical lesions among HIV-infected women on HAART. AIDS 2012;26:16451652.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 216.

    Heard I, Potard V, Costagliola D. Limited impact of immunosuppression and HAART on the incidence of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-positive women. Antivir Ther 2006;11:10911096.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 217.

    Menon S, Rossi R, Zdraveska N et al.. Associations between highly active antiretroviral therapy and the presence of HPV, premalignant and malignant cervical lesions in sub-Saharan Africa, a systematic review: current evidence and directions for future research. BMJ Open 2017;7:e015123.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 218.

    Kelly H, Weiss HA, Benavente Y et al.. Association of antiretroviral therapy with high-risk human papillomavirus, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and invasive cervical cancer in women living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet HIV 2018;5:e4558.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 219.

    International Collaboration on HIV, Cancer. Highly active antiretroviral therapy and incidence of cancer in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:18231830.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 220.

    Santesso N, Mustafa RA, Schunemann HJ et al.. World Health Organization Guidelines for treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2-3 and screen-and-treat strategies to prevent cervical cancer. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2016;132:252258.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 221.

    Forhan SE, Godfrey CC, Watts DH, Langley CL. A systematic review of the effects of visual inspection with acetic acid, cryotherapy, and loop electrosurgical excision procedures for cervical dysplasia in HIV-infected women in low- and middle-income countries. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015;68(Suppl 3):S350356.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 222.

    Hank E, Hoque ME, Zungu L. Cervical precancerous lesions and cancer among patients in the gynaecology outpatient department at a tertiary hospital in South Africa. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013;14:49034906.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 223.

    Heard I, Potard V, Foulot H et al.. High rate of recurrence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia after surgery in HIV-positive women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005;39:412418.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 224.

    Kreitchmann R, Bajotto H, da Silva DA, Fuchs SC. Squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-infected women: prevalence, incidence, progression and regression. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2013;288:11071113.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 225.

    McClung EC, Blumenthal PD. Efficacy, safety, acceptability and affordability of cryotherapy: a review of current literature. Minerva Ginecol 2012;64:149171.

  • 226.

    Reimers LL, Sotardi S, Daniel D et al.. Outcomes after an excisional procedure for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-infected women. Gynecol Oncol 2010;119:9297.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 227.

    Foulot H, Heard I, Potard V et al.. Surgical management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-infected women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2008;141:153157.

  • 228.

    Bambury I, Mullings A, Fletcher H et al.. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in a cohort of HIV-positive women at the University Hospital of the West Indies: management and outcome. West Indian Med J 2013;62:313317.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 229.

    Cejtin HE, Zimmerman L, Mathews M, Patel A. Predictors of persistent or recurrent disease after loop electrosurgical excision procedure. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2017;21:5963.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 230.

    Smith JS, Sanusi B, Swarts A et al.. A randomized clinical trial comparing cervical dysplasia treatment with cryotherapy vs loop electrosurgical excision procedure in HIV-seropositive women from Johannesburg, South Africa. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017;217:183.e1183.e11.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 231.

    Ntekim A, Campbell O, Rothenbacher D. Optimal management of cervical cancer in HIV-positive patients: a systematic review. Cancer Med 2015;4:13811393.

  • 232.

    Simonds HM, Neugut AI, Jacobson JS. HIV status and acute hematologic toxicity among patients with cervix cancer undergoing radical chemoradiation. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2015;25:884890.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 233.

    Uldrick TS, Ison G, Rudek MA et al.. Modernizing clinical trial eligibility criteria: Recommendations of the American Society of Clinical Oncology-Friends of Cancer Research HIV Working Group. J Clin Oncol 2017;35:37743780.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation