Cancer-Related Fatigue, Version 2.2015

Authors:
Ann M. Berger
Search for other papers by Ann M. Berger in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 PhD, APRN
,
Kathi Mooney
Search for other papers by Kathi Mooney in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 RN, PhD
,
Amy Alvarez-Perez
Search for other papers by Amy Alvarez-Perez in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
William S. Breitbart
Search for other papers by William S. Breitbart in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Kristen M. Carpenter
Search for other papers by Kristen M. Carpenter in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 PhD
,
David Cella
Search for other papers by David Cella in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 PhD
,
Charles Cleeland
Search for other papers by Charles Cleeland in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 PhD
,
Efrat Dotan
Search for other papers by Efrat Dotan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Mario A. Eisenberger
Search for other papers by Mario A. Eisenberger in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Carmen P. Escalante
Search for other papers by Carmen P. Escalante in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Paul B. Jacobsen
Search for other papers by Paul B. Jacobsen in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 PhD
,
Catherine Jankowski
Search for other papers by Catherine Jankowski in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 PhD
,
Thomas LeBlanc
Search for other papers by Thomas LeBlanc in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD, MA
,
Jennifer A. Ligibel
Search for other papers by Jennifer A. Ligibel in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Elizabeth Trice Loggers
Search for other papers by Elizabeth Trice Loggers in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD, PhD
,
Belinda Mandrell
Search for other papers by Belinda Mandrell in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 PhD, RN
,
Barbara A. Murphy
Search for other papers by Barbara A. Murphy in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Oxana Palesh
Search for other papers by Oxana Palesh in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 PhD, MPH
,
William F. Pirl
Search for other papers by William F. Pirl in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Steven C. Plaxe
Search for other papers by Steven C. Plaxe in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Michelle B. Riba
Search for other papers by Michelle B. Riba in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD, MS
,
Hope S. Rugo
Search for other papers by Hope S. Rugo in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Carolina Salvador
Search for other papers by Carolina Salvador in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Lynne I. Wagner
Search for other papers by Lynne I. Wagner in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 PhD
,
Nina D. Wagner-Johnston
Search for other papers by Nina D. Wagner-Johnston in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Finly J. Zachariah
Search for other papers by Finly J. Zachariah in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 MD
,
Mary Anne Bergman
Search for other papers by Mary Anne Bergman in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
, and
Courtney Smith
Search for other papers by Courtney Smith in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 PhD
Restricted access

Cancer-related fatigue is defined as a distressing, persistent, subjective sense of physical, emotional, and/or cognitive tiredness or exhaustion related to cancer or cancer treatment that is not proportional to recent activity and interferes with usual functioning. It is one of the most common side effects in patients with cancer. Fatigue has been shown to be a consequence of active treatment, but it may also persist into posttreatment periods. Furthermore, difficulties in end-of-life care can be compounded by fatigue. The NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for Cancer-Related Fatigue provide guidance on screening for fatigue and recommendations for interventions based on the stage of treatment. Interventions may include education and counseling, general strategies for the management of fatigue, and specific nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic interventions. Fatigue is a frequently underreported complication in patients with cancer and, when reported, is responsible for reduced quality of life. Therefore, routine screening to identify fatigue is an important component in improving the quality of life for patients living with cancer.

  • Collapse
  • Expand
  • 1.

    Ahlberg K, Ekman T, Gaston-Johansson F, Mock V. Assessment and management of cancer-related fatigue in adults. Lancet 2003;362:640650.

  • 2.

    Collins JJ, Devine TD, Dick GS et al.. The measurement of symptoms in young children with cancer: the validation of the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale in children aged 7–12. J Pain Symptom Manage 2002;23:1016.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 3.

    Wagner LI, Cella D. Fatigue and cancer: causes, prevalence and treatment approaches. Br J Cancer 2004;91:822828.

  • 4.

    Henry DH, Viswanathan HN, Elkin EP et al.. Symptoms and treatment burden associated with cancer treatment: results from a cross-sectional national survey in the U.S. Support Care Cancer 2008;16:791801.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 5.

    Hofman M, Ryan JL, Figueroa-Moseley CD et al.. Cancer-related fatigue: the scale of the problem. Oncologist 2007;12(Suppl 1):410.

  • 6.

    Portenoy RK, Kornblith AB, Wong G et al.. Pain in ovarian cancer patients. Prevalence, characteristics, and associated symptoms. Cancer 1994;74:907915.

  • 7.

    Ventafridda V, De Conno F, Ripamonti C et al.. Quality-of-life assessment during a palliative care programme. Ann Oncol 1990;1:415420.

  • 8.

    Curtis EB, Krech R, Walsh TD. Common symptoms in patients with advanced cancer. J Palliat Care 1991;7:2529.

  • 9.

    Portenoy RK, Thaler HT, Kornblith AB et al.. Symptom prevalence, characteristics and distress in a cancer population. Qual Life Res 1994;3:183189.

  • 10.

    Wang XS, Zhao F, Fisch MJ et al.. Prevalence and characteristics of moderate to severe fatigue: a multicenter study in cancer patients and survivors. Cancer 2014;120:425432.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 11.

    Bower JE, Ganz PA, Aziz N et al.. T-cell homeostasis in breast cancer survivors with persistent fatigue. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003;95:11651168.

  • 12.

    Bower JE, Ganz PA, Desmond KA et al.. Fatigue in breast cancer survivors: occurrence, correlates, and impact on quality of life. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:743753.

  • 13.

    Crom DB, Hinds PS, Gattuso JS et al.. Creating the basis for a breast health program for female survivors of Hodgkin disease using a participatory research approach. Oncol Nurs Forum 2005;32:11311141.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 14.

    Fossa SD, Dahl AA, Loge JH. Fatigue, anxiety, and depression in long-term survivors of testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:12491254.

  • 15.

    Haghighat S, Akbari ME, Holakouei K et al.. Factors predicting fatigue in breast cancer patients. Support Care Cancer 2003;11:533538.

  • 16.

    Ruffer JU, Flechtner H, Tralls P et al.. Fatigue in long-term survivors of Hodgkin's lymphoma; a report from the German Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group (GHSG). Eur J Cancer 2003;39:21792186.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 17.

    Servaes P, Verhagen S, Bleijenberg G. Determinants of chronic fatigue in disease-free breast cancer patients: a cross-sectional study. Ann Oncol 2002;13:589598.

  • 18.

    Servaes P, Verhagen S, Schreuder HW et al.. Fatigue after treatment for malignant and benign bone and soft tissue tumors. J Pain Symptom Manage 2003;26:11131122.

  • 19.

    Olson K. A new way of thinking about fatigue: a reconceptualization. Oncol Nurs Forum 2007;34:9399.

  • 20.

    Olson K, Krawchuk A, Quddusi T. Fatigue in individuals with advanced cancer in active treatment and palliative settings. Cancer Nurs 2007;30:E110.

  • 21.

    Hinds PS, Quargnenti A, Bush AJ et al.. An evaluation of the impact of a self-care coping intervention on psychological and clinical outcomes in adolescents with newly diagnosed cancer. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2000;4:6e–17; discussion 18–19.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 22.

    Janda M, Gerstner N, Obermair A et al.. Quality of life changes during conformal radiation therapy for prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2000;89:13221328.

  • 23.

    Morrow GR, Andrews PL, Hickok JT et al.. Fatigue associated with cancer and its treatment. Support Care Cancer 2002;10:389398.

  • 24.

    Bower JE. Cancer-related fatigue: links with inflammation in cancer patients and survivors. Brain Behav Immun 2007;21:863871.

  • 25.

    Schubert C, Hong S, Natarajan L et al.. The association between fatigue and inflammatory marker levels in cancer patients: a quantitative review. Brain Behav Immun 2007;21:413427.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 26.

    Miller AH, Ancoli-Israel S, Bower JE et al.. Neuroendocrine-immune mechanisms of behavioral comorbidities in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:971982.

  • 27.

    Berger AM, Wielgus K, Hertzog M et al.. Patterns of circadian activity rhythms and their relationships with fatigue and anxiety/depression in women treated with breast cancer adjuvant chemotherapy. Support Care Cancer 2010;18:105114.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 28.

    al-Majid S, McCarthy DO. Cancer-induced fatigue and skeletal muscle wasting: the role of exercise. Biol Res Nurs 2001;2:186197.

  • 29.

    Rich TA. Symptom clusters in cancer patients and their relation to EGFR ligand modulation of the circadian axis. J Support Oncol 2007;5:167174; discussion 176–167.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 30.

    Mock V, Atkinson A, Barsevick A et al.. NCCN Practice Guidelines for Cancer-Related Fatigue. Oncology (Williston Park) 2000;14:151161.

  • 31.

    Given CW, Given B, Azzouz F et al.. Comparison of changes in physical functioning of elderly patients with new diagnoses of cancer. Med Care 2000;38:482493.

  • 32.

    Given B, Given CW, McCorkle R et al.. Pain and fatigue management: results of a nursing randomized clinical trial. Oncol Nurs Forum 2002;29:949956.

  • 33.

    Mock V, McCorkle R, Ropka ME. Fatigue and physical functioning during breast cancer treatment. Oncol Nurs Forum 2002;29:338.

  • 34.

    Nail LM. Fatigue in patients with cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum 2002;29:537.

  • 35.

    Malik UR, Makower DF, Wadler S. Interferon-mediated fatigue. Cancer 2001;92:16641668.

  • 36.

    Escalante CP, Grover T, Johnson BA et al.. A fatigue clinic in a comprehensive cancer center: design and experiences. Cancer 2001;92:17081713.

  • 37.

    Hinds PS, Hockenberry M, Tong X et al.. Validity and reliability of a new instrument to measure cancer-related fatigue in adolescents. J Pain Symptom Manage 2007;34:607618.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 38.

    Hockenberry MJ, Hinds PS, Barrera P et al.. Three instruments to assess fatigue in children with cancer: the child, parent and staff perspectives. J Pain Symptom Manage 2003;25:319328.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 39.

    Varni JW, Burwinkle TM, Katz ER et al.. The PedsQL in pediatric cancer: reliability and validity of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Generic Core Scales, Multidimensional Fatigue Scale, and Cancer Module. Cancer 2002;94:20902106.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 40.

    Grant M. Fatigue and quality of life with cancer. In: Winningham ML, Barton-Burke M, eds. Fatigue in Cancer: A Multidimensional Approach. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett; 2000:353364.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 41.

    Barsevick AM, Whitmer K, Walker L. In their own words: using the common sense model to analyze patient descriptions of cancer-related fatigue. Oncol Nurs Forum 2001;28:13631369.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 42.

    Curt GA, Breitbart W, Cella D et al.. Impact of cancer-related fatigue on the lives of patients: new findings from the Fatigue Coalition. Oncologist 2000;5:353360.

  • 43.

    Holley S. Cancer-related fatigue. Suffering a different fatigue. Cancer Pract 2000;8:8795.

  • 44.

    Mendoza TR, Wang XS, Cleeland CS et al.. The rapid assessment of fatigue severity in cancer patients: use of the Brief Fatigue Inventory. Cancer 1999;85:11861196.

  • 45.

    Given BA, Given CW, Kozachik S. Family support in advanced cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 2001;51:213231.

  • 46.

    Luciani A, Jacobsen PB, Extermann M et al.. Fatigue and functional dependence in older cancer patients. Am J Clin Oncol 2008;31:424430.

  • 47.

    van Ryn M, Sanders S, Kahn K et al.. Objective burden, resources, and other stressors among informal cancer caregivers: a hidden quality issue? Psychooncology 2011;20:4452.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 48.

    Ancoli-Israel S, Moore PJ, Jones V. The relationship between fatigue and sleep in cancer patients: a review. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2001;10:245255.

  • 49.

    Berger AM, Walker SN. An explanatory model of fatigue in women receiving adjuvant breast cancer chemotherapy. Nurs Res 2001;50:4252.

  • 50.

    Dodd MJ, Miaskowski C, Paul SM. Symptom clusters and their effect on the functional status of patients with cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum 2001;28:465470.

  • 51.

    Hinds PS, Hockenberry M, Rai SN et al.. Nocturnal awakenings, sleep environment interruptions, and fatigue in hospitalized children with cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum 2007;34:393402.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 52.

    de Raaf PJ, de Klerk C, Timman R et al.. Systematic monitoring and treatment of physical symptoms to alleviate fatigue in patients with advanced cancer: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:716723.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 53.

    Hopwood P, Stephens RJ. Depression in patients with lung cancer: prevalence and risk factors derived from quality-of-life data. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:893903.

  • 54.

    Loge JH, Abrahamsen AF, Ekeberg, Kaasa S. Fatigue and psychiatric morbidity among Hodgkin's disease survivors. J Pain Symptom Manage 2000;19:9199.

  • 55.

    Savard J, Morin CM. Insomnia in the context of cancer: a review of a neglected problem. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:895908.

  • 56.

    Berger AM, Mitchell SA. Modifying cancer-related fatigue by optimizing sleep quality. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2008;6:313.

  • 57.

    Roscoe JA, Kaufman ME, Matteson-Rusby SE et al.. Cancer-related fatigue and sleep disorders. Oncologist 2007;12(Suppl 1):3542.

  • 58.

    Berger AM, Parker KP, Young-McCaughan S et al.. Sleep wake disturbances in people with cancer and their caregivers: state of the science. Oncol Nurs Forum 2005;32:E98126.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 59.

    Palesh OG, Collie K, Batiuchok D et al.. A longitudinal study of depression, pain, and stress as predictors of sleep disturbance among women with metastatic breast cancer. Biol Psychol 2007;75:3744.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 60.

    Mock V, Frangakis C, Davidson NE et al.. Exercise manages fatigue during breast cancer treatment: a randomized controlled trial. Psychooncology 2005;14:464477.

  • 61.

    Schwartz AL. Daily fatigue patterns and effect of exercise in women with breast cancer. Cancer Pract 2000;8:1624.

  • 62.

    Canaris GJ, Manowitz NR, Mayor G, Ridgway EC. The Colorado thyroid disease prevalence study. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:526534.

  • 63.

    Strasser F, Palmer JL, Schover LR et al.. The impact of hypogonadism and autonomic dysfunction on fatigue, emotional function, and sexual desire in male patients with advanced cancer: a pilot study. Cancer 2006;107:29492957.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 64.

    Mitchell SA, Beck SL, Hood LE et al.. Putting evidence into practice: evidence-based interventions for fatigue during and following cancer and its treatment. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2007;11:99113.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 65.

    Barsevick AM, Whitmer K, Sweeney C, Nail LM. A pilot study examining energy conservation for cancer treatment-related fatigue. Cancer Nurs 2002;25:333341.

  • 66.

    Barsevick AM, Dudley W, Beck S et al.. A randomized clinical trial of energy conservation for patients with cancer-related fatigue. Cancer 2004;100:13021310.

  • 67.

    Mustian KM, Morrow GR, Carroll JK et al.. Integrative nonpharmacologic behavioral interventions for the management of cancer-related fatigue. Oncologist 2007;12(Suppl 1):5267.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 68.

    Mitchell SA, Hoffman AJ, Clark JC et al.. Putting evidence into practice: an update of evidence-based interventions for cancer-related fatigue during and following treatment. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2014;18(Suppl):3858.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 69.

    Oncology Nursing Society Putting Evidence into Practice (PEP). Fatigue. Available at: https://www.ons.org/practice-resources/pep. Accessed April 24, 2015.

  • 70.

    Irwin M, Johnson LA, eds. Putting Evidence Into Practice: A Pocket Guide to Cancer Symptom Management. Pittsburgh, PA: Oncology Nursing Society; 2014.

  • 71.

    Bower JE, Bak K, Berger A et al.. Screening, assessment, and management of fatigue in adult survivors of cancer: an American Society of Clinical oncology clinical practice guideline adaptation. J Clin Oncol 2014;32:18401850.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 72.

    Howell D, Keller-Olaman S, Oliver TK et al.. A pan-Canadian practice guideline and algorithm: screening, assessment, and supportive care of adults with cancer-related fatigue. Curr Oncol 2013;20:e233246.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 73.

    Mustian K, Palesh OG, Heckler CE et al.. Cancer-related fatigue interferes with activities of daily living among 753 patients receiving chemotherapy: a URCC CCOP study [abstract]. J Clin Oncol 2008;26(Suppl):Abstract 9500.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 74.

    Puetz TW, Herring MP. Differential effects of exercise on cancer-related fatigue during and following treatment: a meta-analysis. Am J Prev Med 2012;43:e124.

  • 75.

    Mishra SI, Scherer RW, Snyder C et al.. Exercise interventions on health-related quality of life for people with cancer during active treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;8:CD008465.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 76.

    Gardner JR, Livingston PM, Fraser SF. Effects of exercise on treatment-related adverse effects for patients with prostate cancer receiving androgen-deprivation therapy: a systematic review. J Clin Oncol 2014;32:335346.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 77.

    Vermaete N, Wolter P, Verhoef G, Gosselink R. Physical activity, physical fitness and the effect of exercise training interventions in lymphoma patients: a systematic review. Ann Hematol 2013;92:10071021.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 78.

    van Haren IE, Timmerman H, Potting CM et al.. Physical exercise for patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Phys Ther 2013;93:514528.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 79.

    Cramp F, Daniel J. Exercise for the management of cancer-related fatigue in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008:CD006145.

  • 80.

    Duijts SF, Faber MM, Oldenburg HS et al.. Effectiveness of behavioral techniques and physical exercise on psychosocial functioning and health-related quality of life in breast cancer patients and survivors—a meta-analysis. Psychooncology 2011;20:115126.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 81.

    Kangas M, Bovbjerg DH, Montgomery GH. Cancer-related fatigue: a systematic and meta-analytic review of non-pharmacological therapies for cancer patients. Psychol Bull 2008;134:700741.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 82.

    McMillan EM, Newhouse IJ. Exercise is an effective treatment modality for reducing cancer-related fatigue and improving physical capacity in cancer patients and survivors: a meta-analysis. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2011;36:892903.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 83.

    Velthuis MJ, Agasi-Idenburg SC, Aufdemkampe G, Wittink HM. The effect of physical exercise on cancer-related fatigue during cancer treatment: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2010;22:208221.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 84.

    U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. 2008. Available at: http://www.health.gov/paguidelines/. Accessed April 24, 2015.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 85.

    Courneya KS, Friedenreich CM, Sela RA et al.. The group psychotherapy and home-based physical exercise (group-hope) trial in cancer survivors: physical fitness and quality of life outcomes. Psychooncology 2003;12:357374.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 86.

    Courneya KS, Mackey JR, Bell GJ et al.. Randomized controlled trial of exercise training in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors: cardiopulmonary and quality of life outcomes. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:16601668.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 87.

    Drouin JS, Armstrong H, Krause S. Effects of aerobic exercise training on peak aerobic capacity, fatigue, and psychological factors during radiation for breast cancer. Rehab Oncol 2005;23:1117.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 88.

    Schwartz AL, Mori M, Gao R et al.. Exercise reduces daily fatigue in women with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33:718723.

  • 89.

    Segal RJ, Reid RD, Courneya KS et al.. Resistance exercise in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:16531659.

  • 90.

    Schmitz KH, Courneya KS, Matthews C et al.. American College of Sports Medicine roundtable on exercise guidelines for cancer survivors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010;42:14091426.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 91.

    Sood A, Barton DL, Bauer BA, Loprinzi CL. A critical review of complementary therapies for cancer-related fatigue. Integr Cancer Ther 2007;6:813.

  • 92.

    Balk J, Day R, Rosenzweig M, Beriwal S. Pilot, randomized, modified, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of acupuncture for cancer-related fatigue. J Soc Integr Oncol 2009;7:411.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 93.

    Mao JJ, Styles T, Cheville A et al.. Acupuncture for nonpalliative radiation therapy-related fatigue: feasibility study. J Soc Integr Oncol 2009;7:5258.

  • 94.

    Molassiotis A, Sylt P, Diggins H. The management of cancer-related fatigue after chemotherapy with acupuncture and acupressure: a randomised controlled trial. Complement Ther Med 2007;15:228237.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 95.

    Vickers AJ, Straus DJ, Fearon B, Cassileth BR. Acupuncture for postchemotherapy fatigue: a phase II study. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:17311735.

  • 96.

    Post-White J, Kinney ME, Savik K et al.. Therapeutic massage and healing touch improve symptoms in cancer. Integr Cancer Ther 2003;2:332344.

  • 97.

    Cassileth BR, Vickers AJ. Massage therapy for symptom control: outcome study at a major cancer center. J Pain Symptom Manage 2004;28:244249.

  • 98.

    Towler P, Molassiotis A, Brearley SG. What is the evidence for the use of acupuncture as an intervention for symptom management in cancer supportive and palliative care: an integrative overview of reviews. Support Care Cancer 2013;21:29132923.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 99.

    Posadzki P, Moon TW, Choi TY et al.. Acupuncture for cancer-related fatigue: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Support Care Cancer 2013;21:20672073.

  • 100.

    Ahles TA, Tope DM, Pinkson B et al.. Massage therapy for patients undergoing autologous bone marrow transplantation. J Pain Symptom Manage 1999;18:157163.

  • 101.

    Bower JE, Garet D, Sternlieb B et al.. Yoga for persistent fatigue in breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial. Cancer 2012;118:37663775.

  • 102.

    Buffart LM, van Uffelen JG, Riphagen II et al.. Physical and psychosocial benefits of yoga in cancer patients and survivors, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Cancer 2012;12:559.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 103.

    Chandwani KD, Perkins G, Nagendra HR et al.. Randomized, controlled trial of yoga in women with breast cancer undergoing radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2014;32:10581065.

  • 104.

    Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Bennett JM, Andridge R et al.. Yoga's impact on inflammation, mood, and fatigue in breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 2014;32:10401049.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 105.

    Sprod LK, Fernandez ID, Janelsins MC et al.. Effects of yoga on cancer-related fatigue and global side-effect burden in older cancer survivors. J Geriatr Oncol 2015;6:814.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 106.

    Carlson LE, Garland SN. Impact of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on sleep, mood, stress and fatigue symptoms in cancer outpatients. Int J Behav Med 2005;12:278285.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 107.

    Lengacher CA, Reich RR, Post-White J et al.. Mindfulness based stress reduction in post-treatment breast cancer patients: an examination of symptoms and symptom clusters. J Behav Med 2012;35:8694.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 108.

    Hoffman CJ, Ersser SJ, Hopkinson JB et al.. Effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction in mood, breast- and endocrine-related quality of life, and well-being in stage 0 to III breast cancer: a randomized, controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:13351342.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 109.

    Stark D, Kiely M, Smith A et al.. Anxiety disorders in cancer patients: their nature, associations, and relation to quality of life. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:31373148.

  • 110.

    Goedendorp MM, Gielissen MF, Verhagen CA, Bleijenberg G. Psychosocial interventions for reducing fatigue during cancer treatment in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009:CD006953.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 111.

    Jacobsen PB, Donovan KA, Vadaparampil ST, Small BJ. Systematic review and meta-analysis of psychological and activity-based interventions for cancer-related fatigue. Health Psychol 2007;26:660667.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 112.

    Eaton LH, Tipton JM, eds. Oncology Nursing Society Putting Evidence into Practice: Improving oncology patient outcomes. Pittsburgh, PA: Oncology Nursing Society; 2009.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 113.

    Jacobsen PB, Meade CD, Stein KD et al.. Efficacy and costs of two forms of stress management training for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:28512862.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 114.

    Armes J, Chalder T, Addington-Hall J et al.. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a brief, behaviorally oriented intervention for cancer-related fatigue. Cancer 2007;110:13851395.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 115.

    Luebbert K, Dahme B, Hasenbring M. The effectiveness of relaxation training in reducing treatment-related symptoms and improving emotional adjustment in acute non-surgical cancer treatment: a meta-analytical review. Psychooncology 2001;10:490502.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 116.

    Montgomery GH, Kangas M, David D et al.. Fatigue during breast cancer radiotherapy: an initial randomized study of cognitive-behavioral therapy plus hypnosis. Health Psychol 2009;28:317322.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 117.

    Boesen EH, Ross L, Frederiksen K et al.. Psychoeducational intervention for patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma: a replication study. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:12701277.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 118.

    Gaston-Johansson F, Fall-Dickson JM, Nanda J et al.. The effectiveness of the comprehensive coping strategy program on clinical outcomes in breast cancer autologous bone marrow transplantation. Cancer Nurs 2000;23:277285.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 119.

    Lindemalm C, Strang P, Lekander M. Support group for cancer patients. Does it improve their physical and psychological wellbeing? A pilot study. Support Care Cancer 2005;13:652657.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 120.

    Ream E, Richardson A, Alexander-Dann C. Supportive intervention for fatigue in patients undergoing chemotherapy: a randomized controlled trial. J Pain Symptom Manage 2006;31:148161.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 121.

    Yates P, Aranda S, Hargraves M et al.. Randomized controlled trial of an educational intervention for managing fatigue in women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:60276036.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 122.

    Allison PJ, Edgar L, Nicolau B et al.. Results of a feasibility study for a psycho-educational intervention in head and neck cancer. Psychooncology 2004;13:482485.

  • 123.

    Godino C, Jodar L, Duran A et al.. Nursing education as an intervention to decrease fatigue perception in oncology patients. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2006;10:150155.

  • 124.

    Yun YH, Lee KS, Kim YW et al.. Web-based tailored education program for disease-free cancer survivors with cancer-related fatigue: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:12961303.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 125.

    Brown JK. A systematic review of the evidence on symptom management of cancer-related anorexia and cachexia. Oncol Nurs Forum 2002;29:517532.

  • 126.

    Page MS, Berger AM, Johnson LB. Putting evidence into practice: evidence-based interventions for sleep-wake disturbances. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2006;10:753767.

  • 127.

    Morin C, Espie C. Insomnia: A Clinical Guide to Assessment and Treatment. New York: Kluwer Academic; 2003.

  • 128.

    Berger AM, VonEssen S, Khun BR et al.. Feasibilty of a sleep intervention during adjuvant breast cancer chemotherapy. Oncol Nurs Forum 2002;29:14311441.

  • 129.

    Food and Drug Administration. FDA News (March 14, 2007). Available at: http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2007/ucm108868.htm. Accessed April 24, 2015.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 130.

    National Cancer Institute. Sleep Disorders PDQ (Health Professional Version). 2010. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/supportivecare/sleepdisorders/HealthProfessional. Accessed April 24, 2015.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 131.

    de la Cruz M, Hui D, Parsons HA, Bruera E. Placebo and nocebo effects in randomized double-blind clinical trials of agents for the therapy for fatigue in patients with advanced cancer. Cancer 2010;116:766774.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 132.

    Morrow GR, Hickok JT, Roscoe JA et al.. Differential effects of paroxetine on fatigue and depression: a randomized, double-blind trial from the University of Rochester Cancer Center Community Clinical Oncology Program. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:46354641.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 133.

    Roscoe JA, Morrow GR, Hickok JT et al.. Effect of paroxetine hydrochloride (Paxil) on fatigue and depression in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2005;89:243249.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 134.

    Schwartz AL, Thompson JA, Masood N. Interferon-induced fatigue in patients with melanoma: a pilot study of exercise and methylphenidate. Oncol Nurs Forum 2002;29:E8590.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 135.

    Butler JM Jr, Case LD, Atkins J et al.. A phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled prospective randomized clinical trial of d-threo-methylphenidate HCl in brain tumor patients receiving radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007;69:14961501.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 136.

    Mar Fan HG, Clemons M, Xu W et al.. A randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of the effects of d-methylphenidate on fatigue and cognitive dysfunction in women undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Support Care Cancer 2008;16:577583.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 137.

    Moraska AR, Sood A, Dakhil SR et al.. Phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of long-acting methylphenidate for cancer-related fatigue: North Central Cancer Treatment Group NCCTG-N05C7 trial. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:36733679.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 138.

    Minton O, Richardson A, Sharpe M et al.. Drug therapy for the management of cancer-related fatigue. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;7:CD006704.

  • 139.

    Jean-Pierre P, Morrow GR, Roscoe JA et al.. A phase 3 randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, clinical trial of the effect of modafinil on cancer-related fatigue among 631 patients receiving chemotherapy: a University of Rochester Cancer Center Community Clinical Oncology Program Research base study. Cancer 2010;116:35133520.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 140.

    Hovey E, de Souza P, Marx G et al.. Phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of modafinil for fatigue in patients treated with docetaxel-based chemotherapy. Support Care Cancer 2014;22:12331242.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 141.

    Lesser GJ, Case D, Stark N et al.. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of oral coenzyme Q10 to relieve self-reported treatment-related fatigue in newly diagnosed patients with breast cancer. J Support Oncol 2013;11:3142.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 142.

    Cruciani RA, Dvorkin E, Homel P et al.. L-carnitine supplementation in patients with advanced cancer and carnitine deficiency: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Pain Symptom Manage 2009;37:622631.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 143.

    Barton DL, Liu H, Dakhil SR et al.. Wisconsin Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) to improve cancer-related fatigue: a randomized, double-blind trial, N07C2. J Natl Cancer Inst 2013;105:12301238.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 144.

    Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin 2015;65:529.

  • 145.

    Knobel H, Loge JH, Nordoy T et al.. High level of fatigue in lymphoma patients treated with high dose therapy. J Pain Symptom Manage 2000;19:446456.

  • 146.

    Bower JE, Ganz PA, Aziz N, Fahey JL. Fatigue and proinflammatory cytokine activity in breast cancer survivors. Psychosom Med 2002;64:604611.

  • 147.

    Cella D, Davis K, Breitbart W et al.. Cancer-related fatigue: prevalence of proposed diagnostic criteria in a United States sample of cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:33853391.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 148.

    Knobel H, Havard Loge J, Lund MB et al.. Late medical complications and fatigue in Hodgkin's disease survivors. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:32263233.

  • 149.

    Stewart DE, Wong F, Duff S et al.. “What doesn't kill you makes you stronger”: an ovarian cancer survivor survey. Gynecol Oncol 2001;83:537542.

  • 150.

    Donovan KA, McGinty HL, Jacobsen PB. A systematic review of research using the diagnostic criteria for cancer-related fatigue. Psychooncology 2013;22:737744.

  • 151.

    Servaes P, Prins J, Verhagen S, Bleijenberg G. Fatigue after breast cancer and in chronic fatigue syndrome: similarities and differences. J Psychosom Res 2002;52:453459.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 152.

    Stone P, Richardson A, Ream E et al.. Cancer-related fatigue: inevitable, unimportant and untreatable? Results of a multi-centre patient survey. Cancer Fatigue Forum. Ann Oncol 2000;11:971975.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 153.

    Hann DM, Jacobsen PB, Martin SC et al.. Fatigue in women treated with bone marrow transplantation for breast cancer: a comparison with women with no history of cancer. Support Care Cancer 1997;5:4452.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 154.

    Mock V, Cameron L, Tompkins C. Every Step Counts: A Walking Exercise Program for Persons Living With Cancer. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University; 1997.

  • 155.

    Gielissen MF, Verhagen S, Witjes F, Bleijenberg G. Effects of cognitive behavior therapy in severely fatigued disease-free cancer patients compared with patients waiting for cognitive behavior therapy: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:48824887.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 156.

    Geinitz H, Zimmermann FB, Thamm R et al.. Fatigue in patients with adjuvant radiation therapy for breast cancer: long-term follow-up. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2004;130:327333.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 157.

    Schneider CM, Hsieh CC, Sprod LK et al.. Effects of supervised exercise training on cardiopulmonary function and fatigue in breast cancer survivors during and after treatment. Cancer 2007;110:918925.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 158.

    Vallance JK, Courneya KS, Plotnikoff RC et al.. Randomized controlled trial of the effects of print materials and step pedometers on physical activity and quality of life in breast cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:23522359.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 159.

    Conn VS, Hafdahl AR, Porock DC et al.. A meta-analysis of exercise interventions among people treated for cancer. Support Care Cancer 2006;14:699712.

  • 160.

    Knols R, Aaronson NK, Uebelhart D et al.. Physical exercise in cancer patients during and after medical treatment: a systematic review of randomized and controlled clinical trials. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:38303842.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 161.

    McNeely ML, Campbell KL, Rowe BH et al.. Effects of exercise on breast cancer patients and survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ 2006;175:3441.

  • 162.

    Stricker CT, Drake D, Hoyer KA, Mock V. Evidence-based practice for fatigue management in adults with cancer: exercise as an intervention. Oncol Nurs Forum 2004;31:963976.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 163.

    Cantarero-Villanueva I, Fernandez-Lao C, Cuesta-Vargas AI et al.. The effectiveness of a deep water aquatic exercise program in cancer-related fatigue in breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2013;94:221230.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 164.

    Brown JC, Huedo-Medina TB, Pescatello LS et al.. Efficacy of exercise interventions in modulating cancer-related fatigue among adult cancer survivors: a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20:123133.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 165.

    Dolbeault S, Cayrou S, Bredart A et al.. The effectiveness of a psycho-educational group after early-stage breast cancer treatment: results of a randomized French study. Psychooncology 2009;18:647656.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 166.

    Soares A, Biasoli I, Scheliga A et al.. Association of social network and social support with health-related quality of life and fatigue in long-term survivors of Hodgkin lymphoma. Support Care Cancer 2013;21:21532159.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 167.

    Garssen B, Boomsma MF, Meezenbroek Ede J et al.. Stress management training for breast cancer surgery patients. Psychooncology 2013;22:572580.

  • 168.

    Reif K, de Vries U, Petermann F, Gorres S. A patient education program is effective in reducing cancer-related fatigue: a multi-centre randomised two-group waiting-list controlled intervention trial. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2013;17:204213.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 169.

    Davidson JR, Waisberg JL, Brundage MD, MacLean AW. Nonpharmacologic group treatment of insomnia: a preliminary study with cancer survivors. Psychooncology 2001;10:389397.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 170.

    Quesnel C, Savard J, Simard S et al.. Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia in women treated for nonmetastatic breast cancer. J Consult Clin Psychol 2003;71:189200.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 171.

    Savard J, Simard S, Ivers H, Morin CM. Randomized study on the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia secondary to breast cancer, part I: sleep and psychological effects. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:60836096.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 172.

    Dirksen SR, Epstein DR. Efficacy of an insomnia intervention on fatigue, mood and quality of life in breast cancer survivors. J Adv Nurs 2008;61:664675.

  • 173.

    Epstein DR, Dirksen SR. Randomized trial of a cognitive-behavioral intervention for insomnia in breast cancer survivors. Oncol Nurs Forum 2007;34:E5159.

  • 174.

    Espie CA, Fleming L, Cassidy J et al.. Randomized controlled clinical effectiveness trial of cognitive behavior therapy compared with treatment as usual for persistent insomnia in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:46514658.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 175.

    Morgenthaler T, Kramer M, Alessi C et al.. Practice parameters for the psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia: an update. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report. Sleep 2006;29:14151419.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 176.

    Schutte-Rodin S, Broch L, Buysse D et al.. Clinical guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic insomnia in adults. J Clin Sleep Med 2008;4:487504.

  • 177.

    Hanna A, Sledge G, Mayer ML et al.. A phase II study of methylphenidate for the treatment of fatigue. Support Care Cancer 2006;14:210215.

  • 178.

    Lower EE, Fleishman S, Cooper A et al.. Efficacy of dexmethylphenidate for the treatment of fatigue after cancer chemotherapy: a randomized clinical trial. J Pain Symptom Manage 2009;38:650662.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 179.

    Morrow GR, Gillies LJ, Hickok JT et al.. The positive effect of the psychostimulant modafinil on fatigue from cancer that persists after treatment is completed [abstract]. J Clin Oncol 2005;23(Suppl):Abstract 8012.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 180.

    Kaleita T, Cloughesy J, Ford W. A pilot study of modafinil (Provigil®) for treatment of fatigue and neurobehavioral dysfunction in adult brain tumor patients [abstract]. Presented at the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuro-Oncology; November 18–21, 2004; Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Abstract QL-06.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 181.

    Spathis A, Fife K, Blackhall F et al.. Modafinil for the treatment of fatigue in lung cancer: results of a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 2014;32:18821888.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 182.

    Yennurajalingam S, Bruera E. Palliative management of fatigue at the close of life: “it feels like my body is just worn out”. JAMA 2007;297:295304.

  • 183.

    Krishnasamy M. Fatigue in advanced cancer —meaning before measurement? Int J Nurs Stud 2000;37:401414.

  • 184.

    Lundh Hagelin C, Seiger A, Furst CJ. Quality of life in terminal care—with special reference to age, gender and marital status. Support Care Cancer 2006;14:320328.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 185.

    Walsh D, Donnelly S, Rybicki L. The symptoms of advanced cancer: relationship to age, gender, and performance status in 1,000 patients. Support Care Cancer 2000;8:175179.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 186.

    Walsh D, Rybicki L. Symptom clustering in advanced cancer. Support Care Cancer 2006;14:831836.

  • 187.

    Given B, Given C, Azzouz F, Stommel M. Physical functioning of elderly cancer patients prior to diagnosis and following initial treatment. Nurs Res 2001;50:222232.

  • 188.

    Wolfe J, Grier HE, Klar N et al.. Symptoms and suffering at the end of life in children with cancer. N Engl J Med 2000;342:326333.

  • 189.

    Wong RK, Franssen E, Szumacher E et al.. What do patients living with advanced cancer and their carers want to know? A needs assessment. Support Care Cancer 2002;10:408415.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 190.

    Mystakidou K, Parpa E, Katsouda E et al.. The role of physical and psychological symptoms in desire for death: a study of terminally ill cancer patients. Psychooncology 2006;15:355360.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 191.

    Miovic M, Block S. Psychiatric disorders in advanced cancer. Cancer 2007;110:16651676.

  • 192.

    Brady MJ, Peterman AH, Fitchett G et al.. A case for including spirituality in quality of life measurement in oncology. Psychooncology 1999;8:417428.

  • 193.

    Breitbart W, Rosenfeld B, Gibson C et al.. Meaning-centered group psychotherapy for patients with advanced cancer: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Psychooncology 2010;19:2128.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 194.

    Breitbart W, Poppito S, Rosenfeld B et al.. Pilot randomized controlled trial of individual meaning-centered psychotherapy for patients with advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:13041309.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 195.

    Chochinov HM, Kristjanson LJ, Breitbart W et al.. Effect of dignity therapy on distress and end-of-life experience in terminally ill patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2011;12:753762.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 196.

    Oldervoll LM, Loge JH, Paltiel H et al.. The effect of a physical exercise program in palliative care: a phase II study. J Pain Symptom Manage 2006;31:421430.

  • 197.

    Porock D, Kristjanson LJ, Tinnelly K et al.. An exercise intervention for advanced cancer patients experiencing fatigue: a pilot study. J Palliat Care 2000;16:3036.

  • 198.

    Strong A, Karavatas G, Reicherter EA. Recommended exercise protocol to decrease cancer-related fatigue and muscle wasting in patients with multiple myeloma: an evidence-based systematic review. Top Geriatr Rehabil 2006;22:172186.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 199.

    Sarhill N, Walsh D, Nelson KA et al.. Methylphenidate for fatigue in advanced cancer: a prospective open-label pilot study. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2001;18:187192.

  • 200.

    Bruera E, Driver L, Barnes EA et al.. Patient-controlled methylphenidate for the management of fatigue in patients with advanced cancer: a preliminary report. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:44394443.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 201.

    Bruera E, Valero V, Driver L et al.. Patient-controlled methylphenidate for cancer fatigue: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:20732078.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 202.

    Bruera E, Yennurajalingam S, Palmer JL et al.. Methylphenidate and/or a nursing telephone intervention for fatigue in patients with advanced cancer: a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase II trial. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:24212427.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 203.

    Auret KA, Schug SA, Bremner AP, Bulsara M. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial assessing the impact of dexamphetamine on fatigue in patients with advanced cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage 2009;37:613621.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 204.

    Hardy JR, Rees E, Ling J et al.. A prospective survey of the use of dexamethasone on a palliative care unit. Palliat Med 2001;15:38.

  • 205.

    Peuckmann V, Elsner F, Krumm N et al.. Pharmacological treatments for fatigue associated with palliative care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010:CD006788.

  • 206.

    Matsuo N, Morita T, Iwase S. Physician-reported corticosteroid therapy practices in certified palliative care units in Japan: a nationwide survey. J Palliat Med 2012;15:10111016; quiz 1117–1018.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 207.

    Matsuo N, Morita T, Iwase S. Efficacy and undesirable effects of corticosteroid therapy experienced by palliative care specialists in Japan: a nationwide survey. J Palliat Med 2011;14:840845.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 208.

    Yennurajalingam S, Frisbee-Hume S, Palmer JL et al.. Reduction of cancer-related fatigue with dexamethasone: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in patients with advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:30763082.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 209.

    Paulsen O, Klepstad P, Rosland JH et al.. Efficacy of methylprednisolone on pain, fatigue, and appetite loss in patients with advanced cancer using opioids: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. J Clin Oncol 2014;32:32213228.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 210.

    Aaronson NK, Ahmedzai S, Bergman B et al.. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30: a quality-of-life instrument for use in international clinical trials in oncology. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:365376.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 211.

    Pascual Lopez A, Roque i Figuls M, Urrutia Cuchi G et al.. Systematic review of megestrol acetate in the treatment of anorexia-cachexia syndrome. J Pain Symptom Manage 2004;27:360369.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 212.

    Minton O, Richardson A, Sharpe M et al.. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the pharmacological treatment of cancer-related fatigue. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008;100:11551166.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 213.

    Gong S, Sheng P, Jin H et al.. Effect of methylphenidate in patients with cancer-related fatigue: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014;9:e84391.

  • 214.

    Berger AM, Mitchell SA, Jacobsen PB, Pirl WF. Screening, evaluation, and management of cancer-related fatigue: Ready for implementation to practice? CA Cancer J Clin 2015;65:190211.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 215.

    Borneman T, Piper BF, Sun VC et al.. Implementing the Fatigue Guidelines at one NCCN member institution: process and outcomes. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2007;5:10921101.

  • 216.

    Piper BF, Borneman T, Sun VC et al.. Cancer-related fatigue: role of oncology nurses in translating National Comprehensive Cancer Network assessment guidelines into practice. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2008;12:3747.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

Metrics

All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 0 0 0
Full Text Views 33841 12065 967
PDF Downloads 17646 3730 304
EPUB Downloads 0 0 0