All currencies in US Dollar
This selection from the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for Head and Neck Cancers focuses on glottic laryngeal cancer, which is the most common type of laryngeal cancer and has an excellent cure rate. The lymphatic drainage of the glottis is sparse, and early stage primaries rarely spread to regional nodes. Because hoarseness is an early symptom, most glottic laryngeal cancer is early stage at diagnosis. Updates to these guidelines for 2014 include revisions to “Principles of Radiation Therapy” for each site and “Principles of Surgery,” and the addition of a new section on “Principles of Dental Evaluation and Management.”
AdelsteinDJLiYAdamsGL. An intergroup phase III comparison of standard radiation therapy and two schedules of concurrent chemoradiotherapy in patients with unresectable squamous cell head and neck cancer. J Clin Oncol2003;21:92–98.
AngKKChenACurranWJJr. Head and neck carcinoma in the United States: first comprehensive report of the Longitudinal Oncology Registry of Head and Neck Carcinoma (LORHAN). Cancer2012;118:5783–5792.
BernierJCooperJSPajakTF. Defining risk levels in locally advanced head and neck cancers: a comparative analysis of concurrent postoperative radiation plus chemotherapy trials of the EORTC (#22931) and RTOG (# 9501). Head Neck2005;27:843–850.
BernierJDomengeCOzsahinM. Postoperative irradiation with or without concomitant chemotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med2004;350:1945–1952.
BonnerJAHarariPMGiraltJ. Radiotherapy plus cetuximab for locoregionally advanced head and neck cancer: 5-year survival data from a phase 3 randomised trial, and relation between cetuximab-induced rash and survival. Lancet Oncol2010;11:21–28.
BourhisJOvergaardJAudryH. Hyperfractionated or accelerated radiotherapy in head and neck cancer: a meta-analysis. Lancet2006;368:843–854.
BourhisJSireCGraffP. Concomitant chemoradiotherapy versus acceleration of radiotherapy with or without concomitant chemotherapy in locally advanced head and neck carcinoma (GORTEC 99-02): an open-label phase 3 randomised trial. Lancet Oncol2012;13:145–153.
BrizelDMAlbersMEFisherSR. Hyperfractionated irradiation with or without concurrent chemotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med1998;338:1798–1804.
ColevasAD. Chemotherapy options for patients with metastatic or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J Clin Oncol2006;24:2644–2652.
CooperJSPajakTFForastiereAA. Postoperative concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy for high-risk squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med2004;350:1937–1944.
CooperJSZhangQPajakTF. Long-term follow-up of the RTOG 9501/intergroup phase III trial: postoperative concurrent radiation therapy and chemotherapy in high-risk squamous cell carcinoma of thehead and neck. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2012;84:1198–1205.
DeVitaVTJrLawrenceTSRosenbergSA eds. DeVita Hellman and Rosenberg’s Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology9th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011.
ForastiereAAZhangQWeberRS. Long-term results of RTOG 91-11: a comparison of three nonsurgical treatment strategies to preserve the larynx in patients with locally advanced larynx cancer. J Clin Oncol2013;31:845–852.
FuKKPajakTFTrottiA. A Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) phase III randomized study to compare hyperfractionation and two variants of accelerated fractionation to standard fractionation radiotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: first report of RTOG 9003. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2000;48:7–16.
KutlerDIPatelSGShahJP. The role of neck dissection following definitive chemoradiation. Oncology (Williston Park)2004;18:993–998; discussion 999 1003-1004 1007.
PiccirilloJF. Importance of comorbidity in head and neck cancer. Laryngoscope2000;110:593–602.
PignonJPBourhisJDomengeC; on behalf of the MACH-NC Collaborative Group. Chemotherapy added to locoregional treatment for head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma: three meta-analyses of updated individual data. Lancet2000;355:949–955.
PignonJPle MaîtreAMaillardE. Meta-analysis of chemotherapy in head and neck cancer (MACH-NC): an update on 93 randomised trials and 17,346 patients. Radiother Oncol2009;92:4–14.
RosenthalDITrottiA. Strategies for managing radiation-induced mucositis in head and neck cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol2009;19:29–34.
VermorkenJBMesiaRRiveraF. Platinum-based chemotherapy plus cetuximab in head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med2008;359:1116–1127.
MendenhallWMWerningJWPfisterDG. Treatment of head and neck cancer. In: DeVitaVTJrLawrenceTSRosenbergSA eds. DeVita Hellman and Rosenberg’s Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology. 9th ed.Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011.
DeVitaVJrLawrenceTRosenbergS. DeVita Hellman and Rosenberg’s Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology. 9th ed.Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011.
BaxiSFuryMGanlyI. Ten years of progress in head and neck cancers. J Natl Compr Canc Netw2012;10:806–810.
SiegelRMaJZouZJemalA. Cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin2014;64:9–29.
EdgeSByrdDComptonC. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual7th ed.New York, NY: Springer; 2010.
GreeneFPageDFlemingI. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual6th ed.New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 2002.
ChaukarDAWalvekarRRDasAK. Quality of life in head and neck cancer survivors: a cross-sectional survey. Am J Otolaryngol2009;30:176–180.
SoWKChanRJChanDN. Quality-of-life among head and neck cancer survivors at one year after treatment—a systematic review. Eur J Cancer2012;48:2391–2408.
ColasantoJMPrasadPNashMA. Nutritional support of patients undergoing radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. Oncology (Williston Park)2005;19:371–379.
SchnollRAZhangBRueM. Brief physician-initiated quit-smoking strategies for clinical oncology settings: a trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol2003;21:355–365.
GritzERCarrCRRapkinD. Predictors of long-term smoking cessation in head and neck cancer patients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev1993;2:261–270.
LinBMStarmerHMGourinCG. The relationship between depressive symptoms, quality of life, and swallowing function in head and neck cancer patients 1 year after definitive therapy. Laryngoscope2012;122:1518–1525.
KrebberAMLeemansCRde BreeR. Stepped care targeting psychological distress in head and neck and lung cancer patients: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Cancer2012;12:173.
Verdonck-de LeeuwIMde BreeRKeizerAL. Computerized prospective screening for high levels of emotional distress in head and neck cancer patients and referral rate to psychosocial care. Oral Oncol2009;45:e129–133.
AndersenBLDeRubeisRJBermanBS. Screening, assessment, and care of anxiety and depressive symptoms in adults with cancer: an American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline adaptation. J Clin Oncol2014;32:1605–1619.
FeinsteinAR. The pre-therapeutic classification of co-morbidity in chronic disease. J Chronic Dis1970;23:455–468.
CharlsonMEPompeiPAlesKLMacKenzieCR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis1987;40:373–383.
PiccirilloJF. Importance of comorbidity in head and neck cancer. Laryngoscope2000;110:593–602.
PiccirilloJFLacyPDBasuASpitznagelEL. Development of a new head and neck cancer-specific comorbidity index. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg2002;128:1172–1179.
PiccirilloJF. Impact of comorbidity and symptoms on the prognosis of patients with oral carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg2000;126:1086–1088.
ChenAYMatsonLKRobertsDGoepfertH. The significance of comorbidity in advanced laryngeal cancer. Head Neck2001;23:566–572.
SinghBBhayaMSternJ. Validation of the Charlson comorbidity index in patients with head and neck cancer: a multiinstitutional study. Laryngoscope1997;107:1469–1475.
HallSFRochonPAStreinerDL. Measuring comorbidity in patients with head and neck cancer. Laryngoscope2002;112:1988–1996.
HallSFGroomePARothwellD. The impact of comorbidity on the survival of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Head Neck2000;22:317–322.
RibeiroKCKowalskiLPLatorreMR. Impact of comorbidity, symptoms, and patients’ characteristics on the prognosis of oral carcinomas. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg2000;126:1079–1085.
de GraeffAde LeeuwJRRosWJ. Pretreatment factors predicting quality of life after treatment for head and neck cancer. Head Neck2000;22:398–407.
FunkGFKarnellLHWhiteheadS. Free tissue transfer versus pedicled flap cost in head and neck cancer. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg2002;127:205–212.
FarwellDGReillyDFWeymullerEA. Predictors of perioperative complications in head and neck patients. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg2002;128:505–511.
KaplanMHFeinsteinAR. The importance of classifying initial co-morbidity in evaluatin the outcome of diabetes mellitus. J Chronic Dis1974;27:387–404.
BangDPiccirilloJLittenbergBJohnstonA. The Adult Comorbidity Evaluation-27 (ACE-27) test: a new comorbidity index for patients with cancer [abstract]. J Clin Oncol2000;19(Suppl):Abstract 1701.
PiccirilloJFCostasIClaybourP. The measurement of comorbidity by cancer registries. J Registry Manag2003;30:8–14.
PatrickDEricksonP. Health Status and health Policy: Quality of Life in Health Care Evaluation and Resource Allocation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1993.
YuehB. Measuring and Reporting Quality of Life in Head and Neck Cancer. McLean, VA: Proceedings of the National Institutes of Health; 2002.
RogersSNGwanneSLoweD. The addition of mood and anxiety domains to the University of Washington quality of life scale. Head Neck2002;24:521–529.
BjordalKHammerlidEAhlner-ElmqvistM. Quality of life in head and neck cancer patients: validation of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-H&N35. J Clin Oncol1999;17:1008–1019.
CellaD. Manual for the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) Measurement System (version 4). Chicago, IL: Rush Medical Center; 1997.
ListMAD’AntonioLLCellaDF. The Performance Status Scale for Head and Neck Cancer Patients and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Head and Neck Scale. A study of utility and validity. Cancer1996;77:2294–2301.
HarrisonLSessionsRHongW. Head and Neck Cancer: A Multidisciplinary Approach. 3rd ed.Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009.
DeVitaVJrLawrenceTRosenbergS eds. Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology. 8th ed.Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
AdelsteinDJRidgeJABrizelDM. Transoral resection of pharyngeal cancer: summary of a National Cancer Institute Head and Neck Cancer Steering Committee Clinical Trials Planning Meeting, November 6-7, 2011, Arlington, Virginia. Head Neck2012;34:1681–1703.
ArensC. Transoral treatment strategies for head and neck tumors [published online ahead of print December 20, 2012. GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg2012;11:Doc05. doi: 10.3205/cto000087.
WeinsteinGSO’MalleyBWJrMagnusonJS. Transoral robotic surgery: a multicenter study to assess feasibility, safety, and surgical margins. Laryngoscope2012;122:1701–1707.
LiRJRichmonJD. Transoral endoscopic surgery: new surgical techniques for oropharyngeal cancer. Otolaryngol Clin North Am2012;45:823–844.
RobbinsKTShahaARMedinaJE. Consensus statement on the classification and terminology of neck dissection. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg2008;134:536–538.
ByersRM. Neck dissection: concepts, controversies, and technique. Semin Surg Oncol1991;7:9–13.
StringerSP. Current concepts in surgical management of neck metastases from head and neck cancer. Oncology (Williston Park)1995;9:547–554.
CandelaFCKothariKShahJP. Patterns of cervical node metastases from squamous carcinoma of the oropharynx and hypopharynx. Head Neck1990;12:197–203.
CandelaFCShahJJaquesDPShahJP. Patterns of cervical node metastases from squamous carcinoma of the larynx. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg1990;116:432–435.
ShahJPCandelaFCPoddarAK. The patterns of cervical lymph node metastases from squamous carcinoma of the oral cavity. Cancer1990;66:109–113.
FerlitoARinaldoASilverCE. Elective and therapeutic selective neck dissection. Oral Oncol2006;42:14–25.
SchmitzSMachielsJPWeynandB. Results of selective neck dissection in the primary management of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol2009;266:437–443.
PatelRSClarkJWytenR. Squamous cell carcinoma from an unknown head and neck primary site: a “selective treatment” approach. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg2007;133:1282–1287.
SivanandanRKaplanMJLeeKJ. Long-term results of 100 consecutive comprehensive neck dissections: implications for selective neck dissections. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg2004;130:1369–1373.
LiauwSLMancusoAAAmdurRJ. Postradiotherapy neck dissection for lymph node-positive head and neck cancer: the use of computed tomography to manage the neck. J Clin Oncol2006;24:1421–1427.
PorcedduSVJarmolowskiEHicksRJ. Utility of positron emission tomography for the detection of disease in residual neck nodes after (chemo)radiotherapy in head and neck cancer. Head Neck2005;27:175–181.
YaoMSmithRBHoffmanHT. Clinical significance of postradiotherapy [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging in management of head-and-neck cancer-a long-term outcome report. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2009;74:9–14.
LangoMNMyersJNGardenAS. Controversies in surgical management of the node-positive neck after chemoradiation. Semin Radiat Oncol2009;19:24–28.
IslesMGMcConkeyCMehannaHM. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the role of positron emission tomography in the follow up of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma following radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. Clin Otolaryngol2008;33:210–222.
CorryJPetersLFisherR. N2-N3 neck nodal control without planned neck dissection for clinical/radiologic complete responders-results of Trans Tasman Radiation Oncology Group Study 98.02. Head Neck2008;30:737–742.
LauHPhanTMackinnonJMatthewsTW. Absence of planned neck dissection for the N2-N3 neck after chemoradiation for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg2008;134:257–261.
OngSCSchoderHLeeNY. Clinical utility of 18F-FDG PET/CT in assessing the neck after concurrent chemoradiotherapy for locoregional advanced head and neck cancer. J Nucl Med2008;49:532–540.
NayakJVWalvekarRRAndradeRS. Deferring planned neck dissection following chemoradiation for stage IV head and neck cancer: the utility of PET-CT. Laryngoscope2007;117:2129–2134.
AbgralRQuerellouSPotardG. Does 18F-FDG PET/CT improve the detection of posttreatment recurrence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in patients negative for disease on clinical follow-up?J Nucl Med2009;50:24–29.
PorcedduSVPryorDIBurmeisterE. Results of a prospective study of positron emission tomography-directed management of residual nodal abnormalities in node-positive head and neck cancer after definitive radiotherapy with or without systemic therapy. Head Neck2011;33:1675–1682.
BernierJDomengeCOzsahinM. Postoperative irradiation with or without concomitant chemotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med2004;350:1945–1952.
CooperJSPajakTFForastiereAA. Postoperative concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy for high-risk squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med2004;350:1937–1944.
CooperJSZhangQPajakTF. Long-term follow-up of the RTOG 9501/intergroup phase III trial: postoperative concurrent radiation therapy and chemotherapy in high-risk squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2012;84:1198–1205.
BernierJCooperJSPajakTF. Defining risk levels in locally advanced head and neck cancers: a comparative analysis of concurrent postoperative radiation plus chemotherapy trials of the EORTC (#22931) and RTOG (# 9501). Head Neck2005;27:843–850.
BachaudJMCohen-JonathanEAlzieuC. Combined postoperative radiotherapy and weekly cisplatin infusion for locally advanced head and neck carcinoma: final report of a randomized trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys1996;36:999–104.
ShahJPCendonRAFarrHWStrongEW. Carcinoma of the oral cavity. factors affecting treatment failure at the primary site and neck. Am J Surg1976;132:504–507.
LooserKGShahJPStrongEW. The significance of “positive” margins in surgically resected epidermoid carcinomas. Head Neck Surg1978;1:107–111.
JohnsonJTBarnesELMyersEN. The extracapsular spread of tumors in cervical node metastasis. Arch Otolaryngol1981;107:725–729.
FeldmanMFletcherGH. Analysis of the parameters relating to failures above the clavicles in patients treated by postoperative irradiation for squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity or oropharynx. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys1982;8:27–30.
MirimanoffROWangCCDoppkeKP. Combined surgery and postoperative radiation therapy for advanced laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys1985;11:499–504.
PetersLJGoepfertHAngKK. Evaluation of the dose for postoperative radiation therapy of head and neck cancer: first report of a prospective randomized trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys1993;26:3–11.
FuKKPajakTFTrottiA. A Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) phase III randomized study to compare hyperfractionation and two variants of accelerated fractionation to standard fractionation radiotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: first report of RTOG 9003. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2000;48:7–16.
BeitlerJJZhangQFuKK. Final results of local-regional control and late toxicity of RTOG 9003: a randomized trial of altered fractionation radiation for locally advanced head and neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2014;89:13–20.
OvergaardJHansenHSSpechtL. Five compared with six fractions per week of conventional radiotherapy of squamous-cell carcinoma of head and neck: DAHANCA 6 and 7 randomised controlled trial. Lancet2003;362:933–940.
FletcherGH. Textbook of Radiotherapy. 3rd ed.Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger; 1980.
NorthropMFletcherGHJesseRHLindbergRD. Evolution of neck disease in patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue, floor of mouth, and palatine arch, and clinically positive neck nodes neither fixed nor bilateral. Cancer1972;29:23–30.
BarkleyHTFletcherGH. The significance of residual disease after external irradiation of squamous-cell carcinoma of the oropharynx. Radiology1977;124:493–495.
ArcangeliGFriedmanMPaoluziR. A quantitative study of late radiation effect on normal skin and subcutaneous tissues in human beings. Br J Radiol1974;47:44–50.
AndrewsJR. Dose-time relationships in cancer radiotherapy. A clinical radiobiology study of extremes of dose and time. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med1965;93:56–74.
International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU). Report 62: Prescribing Recording and Reporting Photon Beam Therapy (Supplement to ICRU Report 50). Bethesda, MD: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements; 1999.
International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU). Report 83: Prescribing, recording, and reporting intensity-modulated photon beam therapy (IMRT). J ICRU2010;10:41–54.
GardenASDongLMorrisonWH. Patterns of disease recurrence following treatment of oropharyngeal cancer with intensity modulated radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2013;85:941–947.
DalyMELeQTMaximPG. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy in the treatment of oropharyngeal cancer: clinical outcomes and patterns of failure. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2010;76:1339–1346.
ThamesHDJrWithersHRPetersLJFletcherGH. Changes in early and late radiation responses with altered dose fractionation: implications for dose-survival relationships. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys1982;8:219–226.
WithersHThamesHPetersL. Differences in the fractionation response of acutely and late-responding tissues In: KaercherKKogelnikHReinartzG eds. Progress in Radio-Oncology II. Vol. 11. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1982:287–296.
WithersHRTaylorJMMaciejewskiB. The hazard of accelerated tumor clonogen repopulation during radiotherapy. Acta Oncol1988;27:131–146.
HarwoodARBealeFACummingsBJ. T4NOMO glottic cancer: an analysis of dose-time volume factors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys1981;7:1507–1512.
AmornmarnRPrempreeTViravathanaT. A therapeutic approach to early vocal cord carcinoma. Acta Radiol Oncol1985;24:321–325.
SchwaiboldFScariatoANunnoM. The effect of fraction size on control of early glottic cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys1988;14:451–454.
KimRYMarksMESalterMM. Early-stage glottic cancer: importance of dose fractionation in radiation therapy. Radiology1992;182:273–275.
ParsonJ. Time-dose-volume relationships in radiation therapy. In: MillionRCassisiN eds. Management of Head and Neck Cancer: A Multidisciplinary Approach2nd ed.Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1994:203–243.
YamazakiHNishiyamaKTanakaE. Radiotherapy for early glottic carcinoma (T1N0M0): results of prospective randomized study of radiation fraction size and overall treatment time. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2006;64:77–82.
YuEShenoudaGBeaudetMPBlackMJ. Impact of radiation therapy fraction size on local control of early glottic carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys1997;37:587–591.
HoriotJCBontempsPvan den BogaertW. Accelerated fractionation (AF) compared to conventional fractionation (CF) improves loco-regional control in the radiotherapy of advanced head and neck cancers: results of the EORTC 22851 randomized trial. Radiother Oncol1997;44:111–121.
KonskiAAWinterKColeBF. Quality-adjusted survival analysis of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 90-03: phase III randomized study comparing altered fractionation to standard fractionation radiotherapy for locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck2009;31:207–212.
BourhisJOvergaardJAudryH. Hyperfractionated or accelerated radiotherapy in head and neck cancer: a meta-analysis. Lancet2006;368:843–854.
BaujatBBourhisJBlanchardP. Hyperfractionated or accelerated radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev2010;12:CD002026.
BourhisJSireCGraffP. Concomitant chemoradiotherapy versus acceleration of radiotherapy with or without concomitant chemotherapy in locally advanced head and neck carcinoma (GORTEC 99-02): an open-label phase 3 randomised trial. Lancet Oncol2012;13:145–153.
HaigentzMJrCorryJStrojanPFerlitoA. Easing acceleration of head and neck chemoradiotherapy. Lancet Oncol2012;13:113–115.
BudachVStuschkeMBudachW. Hyperfractionated accelerated chemoradiation with concurrent fluorouracil-mitomycin is more effective than dose-escalated hyperfractionated accelerated radiation therapy alone in locally advanced head and neck cancer: final results of the radiotherapy cooperative clinical trials group of the German Cancer Society 95-06 Prospective Randomized Trial. J Clin Oncol2005;23:1125–1135.
BudachWHehrTBudachV. A meta-analysis of hyperfractionated and accelerated radiotherapy and combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy regimens in unresected locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. BMC Cancer2006;6:28–28.
AngKKHarrisJWheelerR. Human papillomavirus and survival of patients with oropharyngeal cancer. N Engl J Med2010;363:24–35.
BensadounRJBenezeryKDassonvilleO. French multicenter phase III randomized study testing concurrent twice-a-day radiotherapy and cisplatin/5-fluorouracil chemotherapy (BiRCF) in unresectable pharyngeal carcinoma: results at 2 years (FNCLCC-GORTEC). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2006;64:983–994.
BrizelDMAlbersMEFisherSR. Hyperfractionated irradiation with or without concurrent chemotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med1998;338:1798–1804.
JeremicBShibamotoYMilicicB. Hyperfractionated radiation therapy with or without concurrent low-dose daily cisplatin in locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a prospective randomized trial. J Clin Oncol2000;18:1458–1464.
AngKZhangQWheelerRH. A phase III trial (RTOG 0129) of two radiation-cisplatin regimens for head and neck carcinomas (HNC): impact of radiation and cisplatin intensity on outcome [abstract]. J Clin Oncol2010;28(Suppl 15):Abstract 5507.
DenisFGaraudPBardetE. Final results of the 94-01 French Head and Neck Oncology and Radiotherapy Group randomized trial comparing radiotherapy alone with concomitant radiochemotherapy in advanced-stage oropharynx carcinoma. J Clin Oncol2004;22:69–76.
DenisFGaraudPBardetE. Late toxicity results of the GORTEC 94-01 randomized trial comparing radiotherapy with concomitant radiochemotherapy for advanced-stage oropharynx carcinoma: comparison of LENT/SOMA, RTOG/EORTC, and NCI-CTC scoring systems. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2003;55:93–98.
BourhisJCalaisGLapeyreM. Concomitant radiochemotherapy or accelerated radiotherapy: analysis of two randomized trials of the French Head and Neck Cancer Group (GORTEC). Semin Oncol2004;31:822–826.
MachtayMMoughanJTrottiA. Factors associated with severe late toxicity after concurrent chemoradiation for locally advanced head and neck cancer: an RTOG analysis. J Clin Oncol2008;26:3582–3589.
HartfordACPaliscaMGEichlerTJ. American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ASTRO) and American College of Radiology (ACR) practice guidelines for intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2009;73:9–14.
HolmesTDasRLowD. American Society of Radiation Oncology recommendations for documenting intensity-modulated radiation therapy treatments. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2009;74:1311–1318.
GregoireVMackieTR. State of the art on dose prescription, reporting and recording in intensity-modulated radiation therapy (ICRU report No. 83). Cancer Radiother2011;15:555–559.
WuQManningMSchmidt-UllrichRMohanR. The potential for sparing of parotids and escalation of biologically effective dose with intensity-modulated radiation treatments of head and neck cancers: a treatment design study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2000;46:195–205.
ChaoKSMajhailNHuangCJ. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy reduces late salivary toxicity without compromising tumor control in patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma: a comparison with conventional techniques. Radiother Oncol2001;61:275–280.
DoganNKingSEmamiB. Assessment of different IMRT boost delivery methods on target coverage and normal-tissue sparing. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2003;57:1480–1491.
LiYTaylorJMTen HakenRKEisbruchA. The impact of dose on parotid salivary recovery in head and neck cancer patients treated with radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2007;67:660–669.
VergeerMRDoornaertPARietveldDH. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy reduces radiation-induced morbidity and improves health-related quality of life: results of a nonrandomized prospective study using a standardized follow-up program. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2009;74:1–8.
PowEHKwongDLMcMillanAS. Xerostomia and quality of life after intensity-modulated radiotherapy vs. conventional radiotherapy for early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma: initial report on a randomized controlled clinical trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2006;66:981–991.
KamMKLeungSFZeeB. Prospective randomized study of intensity-modulated radiotherapy on salivary gland function in early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. J Clin Oncol2007;25:4873–4879.
PfisterDCassilethBDengG. Acupuncture for pain and dysfunction after neck dissection: results of a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol2010;28:2565–2570.
ScarantinoCLeVequeFSwannRS. Effect of pilocarpine during radiation therapy: results of RTOG 97-09, a phase III randomized study in head and neck cancer patients. J Support Oncol2006;4:252–258.
PetroneDCondemiJJFifeR. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of cevimeline in Sjogren’s syndrome patients with xerostomia and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Arthritis Rheum2002;46:748–754.
GregoireVJerajRLeeJAO’SullivanB. Radiotherapy for head and neck tumours in 2012 and beyond: conformal, tailored, and adaptive?Lancet Oncol2012;13:e292–300.
GalvinJMDe NeveW. Intensity modulating and other radiation therapy devices for dose painting. J Clin Oncol2007;25:924–930.
LauveAMorrisMSchmidt-UllrichR. Simultaneous integrated boost intensity-modulated radiotherapy for locally advanced head-and-neck squamous cell carcinomas: II—clinical results. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2004;60:374–387.
SchoenfeldGOAmdurRJMorrisCG. Patterns of failure and toxicity after intensity-modulated radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2008;71:377–385.
AngKKChenACurranWJJr. Head and neck carcinoma in the United States: first comprehensive report of the Longitudinal Oncology Registry of Head and Neck Carcinoma (LORHAN). Cancer2012;118:5783–5792.
GuadagnoloBALiuCCCormierJNDuXL. Evaluation of trends in the use of intensity-modulated radiotherapy for head and neck cancer from 2000 through 2005: socioeconomic disparity and geographic variation in a large population-based cohort. Cancer2010;116:3505–3512.
ChiANguyenNPTseW. Intensity modulated radiotherapy for sinonasal malignancies with a focus on optic pathway preservation. J Hematol Oncol2013;6:4.
LeeNYde ArrudaFFPuriDR. A comparison of intensity-modulated radiation therapy and concomitant boost radiotherapy in the setting of concurrent chemotherapy for locally advanced oropharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2006;66:966–974.
de ArrudaFFPuriDRZhungJ. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for the treatment of oropharyngeal carcinoma: the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2006;64:363–373.
GardenASMorrisonWHWongPF. Disease-control rates following intensity-modulated radiation therapy for small primary oropharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2007;67:438–444.
EisbruchALevendagPCFengFY. Can IMRT or brachytherapy reduce dysphagia associated with chemoradiotherapy of head and neck cancer? The Michigan and Rotterdam experiences. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2007;69:S40–42.
WoldenSLChenWCPfisterDG. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for nasopharynx cancer: update of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2006;64:57–62.
MadaniIBonteKVakaetL. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for sinonasal tumors: Ghent University Hospital update. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2009;73:424–432.
EisbruchA. Reducing xerostomia by IMRT: what may, and may not, be achieved. J Clin Oncol2007;25:4863–4864.
NuttingCMMordenJPHarringtonKJ. Parotid-sparing intensity modulated versus conventional radiotherapy in head and neck cancer (PARSPORT): a phase 3 multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol2011;12:127–136.
HodgeCWBentzenSMWongG. Are we influencing outcome in oropharynx cancer with intensity-modulated radiotherapy? An inter-era comparison. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2007;69:1032–1041.
VeldemanLMadaniIHulstaertF. Evidence behind use of intensity-modulated radiotherapy: a systematic review of comparative clinical studies. Lancet Oncol2008;9:367–375.
TurakaALiTSharmaNK. Increased recurrences using intensity-modulated radiation therapy in the postoperative setting. Am J Clin Oncol2010;33:599–603.
ChenAMFarwellDGLuuQ. Marginal misses after postoperative intensity-modulated radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2011;80:1423–1429.
EisbruchAMarshLHDawsonLA. Recurrences near base of skull after IMRT for head-and-neck cancer: implications for target delineation in high neck and for parotid gland sparing. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2004;59:28–42.
RosenthalDITrottiA. Strategies for managing radiation-induced mucositis in head and neck cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol2009;19:29–34.
YaoMLuMSavvidesPS. Distant metastases in head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2012;83:684–689.
FrankSJRosenthalDIPetsuksiriJ. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for cervical node squamous cell carcinoma metastases from unknown head-and-neck primary site: M. D. Anderson Cancer Center outcomes and patterns of failure. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2010;78:1005–1010.
TraynorAMRichardsGMHartigGK. Comprehensive IMRT plus weekly cisplatin for advanced head and neck cancer: the University of Wisconsin experience. Head Neck2010;32:599–606.
SherDJThotakuraVBalboniTA. Treatment of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma with adjuvant or definitive intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2011;81:e215–222.
GeretschlagerABojaxhiuBCroweS. Outcome and patterns of failure after postoperative intensity modulated radiotherapy for locally advanced or high-risk oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Radiat Oncol2012;7:175.
SchoenfeldJDSherDJNorrisCMJr. Salivary gland tumors treated with adjuvant intensity-modulated radiotherapy with or without concurrent chemotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2012;82:308–314.
GomezDRZhungJEGomezJ. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy in postoperative treatment of oral cavity cancers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2009;73:1096–1103.
LeeNYO’MearaWChanK. Concurrent chemotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy for locoregionally advanced laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2007;69:459–468.
ParisKJSpanosWJJrLindbergRD. Phase I-II study of multiple daily fractions for palliation of advanced head and neck malignancies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys1993;25:657–660.
StevensCMHuangSHFungS. Retrospective study of palliative radiotherapy in newly diagnosed head and neck carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2011;81:958–963.
PorcedduSVRosserBBurmeisterBH. Hypofractionated radiotherapy for the palliation of advanced head and neck cancer in patients unsuitable for curative treatment—“Hypo Trial”. Radiother Oncol2007;85:456–462.
CorryJPetersLJCostaID. The ‘QUAD SHOT’—a phase II study of palliative radiotherapy for incurable head and neck cancer. Radiother Oncol2005;77:137–142.
ColevasADReadRThornhillJ. Hypothyroidism incidence after multimodality treatment for stage III and IV squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2001;51:599–604.
TellRLundellGNilssonB. Long-term incidence of hypothyroidism after radiotherapy in patients with head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2004;60:395–400.
PosnerMRErvinTJMillerD. Incidence of hypothyroidism following multimodality treatment for advanced squamous cell cancer of the head and neck. Laryngoscope1984;94:451–454.
CousinsNMacAulayFLangH. A systematic review of interventions for eating and drinking problems following treatment for head and neck cancer suggests a need to look beyond swallowing and trismus. Oral Oncol2013;49:387–400.
LocherJLBonnerJACarrollWR. Prophylactic percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement in treatment of head and neck cancer: a comprehensive review and call for evidence-based medicine. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr2011;35:365–374.
LangiusJAvan DijkAMDoornaertP. More than 10% weight loss in head and neck cancer patients during radiotherapy is independently associated with deterioration in quality of life. Nutr Cancer2013;65:76–83.
AugustDAHuhmannMB. A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines: nutrition support therapy during adult anticancer treatment and in hematopoietic cell transplantation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr2009;33:472–500.
GargSYooJWinquistE. Nutritional support for head and neck cancer patients receiving radiotherapy: a systematic review. Support Care Cancer2010;18:667–677.
RabeneckLMcCulloughLBWrayNP. Ethically justified, clinically comprehensive guidelines for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement. Lancet1997;349:496–498.
Dysphagia Section Oral Care Study GroupMultinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC)/International Society of Oral Oncology (ISOO). Swallowing dysfunction in cancer patients. Support Care Cancer2012;20:433–443.
WilsonJACardingPNPattersonJM. Dysphagia after nonsurgical head and neck cancer treatment: patients’ perspectives. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg2011;145:767–771.
TschiesnerU. Preservation of organ function in head and neck cancer [published online ahead of print December 20, 2012]. GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg2012;11:Doc07. doi: 10.3205/cto000089.
RoeJWCardingPNRhys-EvansPH. Assessment and management of dysphagia in patients with head and neck cancer who receive radiotherapy in the United Kingdom—a web-based survey. Oral Oncol2012;48:343–348.
RussiEGCorvoRMerlottiA. Swallowing dysfunction in head and neck cancer patients treated by radiotherapy: review and recommendations of the supportive task group of the Italian Association of Radiation Oncology. Cancer Treat Rev2012;38:1033–1049.
CnossenICde BreeRRinkelRN. Computerized monitoring of patient-reported speech and swallowing problems in head and neck cancer patients in clinical practice. Support Care Cancer2012;20:2925–2931.
LangendijkJADoornaertPVerdonck-de LeeuwIM. Impact of late treatment-related toxicity on quality of life among patients with head and neck cancer treated with radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol2008;26:3770–3776.
WalkerMPWichmanBChengAL. Impact of radiotherapy dose on dentition breakdown in head and neck cancer patients. Pract Radiat Oncol2011;1:142–148.
JensenSBPedersenAMVissinkA. A systematic review of salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia induced by cancer therapies: prevalence, severity and impact on quality of life. Support Care Cancer2010;18:1039–1060.
EpsteinJBThariatJBensadounRJ. Oral complications of cancer and cancer therapy: from cancer treatment to survivorship. CA Cancer J Clin2012;62:400–422.
DuarteVMLiuYFRafizadehS. Comparison of dental health of patients with head and neck cancer receiving IMRT vs conventional radiation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg2014;150:81–86.
EisbruchATen HakenRKKimHM. Dose, volume, and function relationships in parotid salivary glands following conformal and intensity-modulated irradiation of head and neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys1999;45:577–587.
Murdoch-KinchCAKimHMVinebergKA. Dose-effect relationships for the submandibular salivary glands and implications for their sparing by intensity modulated radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2008;72:373–382.
LittleMSchipperMFengFY. Reducing xerostomia after chemo-IMRT for head-and-neck cancer: beyond sparing the parotid glands. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2012;83:1007–1014.
ChaoKS. Protection of salivary function by intensity-modulated radiation therapy in patients with head and neck cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol2002;12:20–25.
Murdoch-KinchCAZwetchkenbaumS. Dental management of the head and neck cancer patient treated with radiation therapy. J Mich Dent Assoc2011;93:28–37.
StuderGGlanzmannCStuderSP. Risk-adapted dental care prior to intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed2011;121:216–229.
Ben-DavidMADiamanteMRadawskiJD. Lack of osteoradionecrosis of the mandible after intensity-modulated radiotherapy for head and neck cancer: likely contributions of both dental care and improved dose distributions. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2007;68:396–402.
SchiodtMHermundNU. Management of oral disease prior to radiation therapy. Support Care Cancer2002;10:40–43.
ThariatJRamusLDarcourtV. Compliance with fluoride custom trays in irradiated head and neck cancer patients. Support Care Cancer2012;20:1811–1814.
HoriotJCBoneMCIbrahimECastroJR. Systematic dental management in head and neck irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys1981;7:1025–1029.
SulaimanFHurynJMZlotolowIM. Dental extractions in the irradiated head and neck patient: a retrospective analysis of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center protocols, criteria, and end results. J Oral Maxillofac Surg2003;61:1123–1131.
BeumerJ3rdHarrisonRSandersBKurraschM. Postradiation dental extractions: a review of the literature and a report of 72 episodes. Head Neck Surg1983;6:581–586.
ChangDTSandowPRMorrisCG. Do pre-irradiation dental extractions reduce the risk of osteoradionecrosis of the mandible?Head Neck2007;29:528–536.
GomezDREstiloCLWoldenSL. Correlation of osteoradionecrosis and dental events with dosimetric parameters in intensity-modulated radiation therapy for head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2011;81:e207–213.
GallerCEpsteinJBGuzeKA. The development of osteoradionecrosis from sites of periodontal disease activity: report of 3 cases. J Periodontol1992;63:310–316.
LeeIJKoomWSLeeCG. Risk factors and dose-effect relationship for mandibular osteoradionecrosis in oral and oropharyngeal cancer patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2009;75:1084–1091.
O’DellKSinhaU. Osteoradionecrosis. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am2011;23:455–464.
GevorgyanAWongKPoonI. Osteoradionecrosis of the mandible: a case series at a single institution. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg2013;42:46.
JacobsonASBuchbinderDHuKUrkenML. Paradigm shifts in the management of osteoradionecrosis of the mandible. Oral Oncol2010;46:795–801.
OhHKChambersMSMartinJW. Osteoradionecrosis of the mandible: treatment outcomes and factors influencing the progress of osteoradionecrosis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg2009;67:1378–1386.
RhodusNLBereuterJ. Clinical evaluation of a commercially available oral moisturizer in relieving signs and symptoms of xerostomia in postirradiation head and neck cancer patients and patients with Sjogren’s syndrome. J Otolaryngol2000;29:28–34.
SinghMLPapasAS. Long-term clinical observation of dental caries in salivary hypofunction patients using a supersaturated calcium-phosphate remineralizing rinse. J Clin Dent2009;20:87–92.
EpsteinJBSchubertMM. Synergistic effect of sialagogues in management of xerostomia after radiation therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol1987;64:179–182.
GorskyMEpsteinJBParryJ. The efficacy of pilocarpine and bethanechol upon saliva production in cancer patients with hyposalivation following radiation therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod2004;97:190–195.
JohnsonJTFerrettiGANetheryWJ. Oral pilocarpine for post-irradiation xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med1993;329:390–395.
DholamKPSomaniPPPrabhuSDAmbreSR. Effectiveness of fluoride varnish application as cariostatic and desensitizing agent in irradiated head and neck cancer patients. Int J Dent2013;2013:824982.
EpsteinJBvan der MeijEHLunnRStevenson-MooreP. Effects of compliance with fluoride gel application on caries and caries risk in patients after radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod1996;82:268–275.
HoriotJCSchraubSBoneMC. Dental preservation in patients irradiated for head and neck tumours: a 10-year experience with topical fluoride and a randomized trial between two fluoridation methods. Radiother Oncol1983;1:77–82.
FlemingTJ. Use of topical fluoride by patients receiving cancer therapy. Curr Probl Cancer1983;7:37–41.
Joyston-BechalSHayesKDavenportESHardieJM. Caries incidence, mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in irradiated patients during a 12-month preventive programme using chlorhexidine and fluoride. Caries Res1992;26:384–390.
ShulmanDHShipmanBWillisFB. Treating trismus with dynamic splinting: a case report. J Oral Sci2009;51:141–144.
TeguhDNLevendagPCVoetP. Trismus in patients with oropharyngeal cancer: relationship with dose in structures of mastication apparatus. Head Neck2008;30:622–630.
BrunelloDLMandikosMN. The use of a dynamic opening device in the treatment of radiation induced trismus. Aust Prosthodont J1995;9:45–48.
EpsteinJBEmertonSLeNDStevenson-MooreP. A double-blind crossover trial of Oral Balance gel and Biotene toothpaste versus placebo in patients with xerostomia following radiation therapy. Oral Oncol1999;35:132–137.
PapasARussellDSinghM. Caries clinical trial of a remineralising toothpaste in radiation patients. Gerodontology2008;25:76–88.
RodelRMSteinerWMullerRM. Endoscopic laser surgery of early glottic cancer: involvement of the anterior commissure. Head Neck2009;31:583–592.
ZouhairAAzriaDCouckeP. Decreased local control following radiation therapy alone in early-stage glottic carcinoma with anterior commissure extension. Strahlenther Onkol2004;180:84–90.
SilverCEBeitlerJJShahaAR. Current trends in initial management of laryngeal cancer: the declining use of open surgery. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol2009;266:1333–1352.
ForastiereAAZhangQWeberRS. Long-term results of RTOG 91-11: a comparison of three nonsurgical treatment strategies to preserve the larynx in patients with locally advanced larynx cancer. J Clin Oncol2013;31:845–852.
ForastiereAAGoepfertHMaorM. Concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy for organ preservation in advanced laryngeal cancer. N Engl J Med2003;349:2091–2098.
Induction chemotherapy plus radiation compared with surgery plus radiation in patients with advanced laryngeal cancer. The Department of Veterans Affairs Laryngeal Cancer Study Group. N Engl J Med1991;324:1685–1690.
AdelsteinDJLiYAdamsGL. An intergroup phase III comparison of standard radiation therapy and two schedules of concurrent chemoradiotherapy in patients with unresectable squamous cell head and neck cancer. J Clin Oncol2003;21:92–98.
BonnerJAHarariPMGiraltJ. Radiotherapy plus cetuximab for locoregionally advanced head and neck cancer: 5-year survival data from a phase 3 randomised trial, and relation between cetuximab-induced rash and survival. Lancet Oncol2010;11:21–28.
PosnerMRHershockDMBlajmanCR. Cisplatin and fluorouracil alone or with docetaxel in head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med2007;357:1705–1715.
VermorkenJBRemenarEvan HerpenC. Cisplatin, fluorouracil, and docetaxel in unresectable head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med2007;357:1695–1704.
LoTCWileyALJrAnsfieldFJ. Combined radiation therapy and 5-fluorouracil for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx: a randomized study. AJR Am J Roentgenol1976;126:229–235.
SanchizFMillaATornerJ. Single fraction per day versus two fractions per day versus radiochemotherapy in the treatment of head and neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys1990;19:1347–1350.
BrowmanGPCrippsCHodsonDI. Placebo-controlled randomized trial of infusional fluorouracil during standard radiotherapy in locally advanced head and neck cancer. J Clin Oncol1994;12:2648–2653.
SmidLLesnicarHZakotnikB. Radiotherapy, combined with simultaneous chemotherapy with mitomycin C and bleomycin for inoperable head and neck cancer—reliminary report. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys1995;32:769–775.
MerlanoMBenassoMCorvoR. Five-year update of a randomized trial of alternating radiotherapy and chemotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in treatment of unresectable squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J Natl Cancer Inst1996;88:583–589.
WendtTGGrabenbauerGGRodelCM. Simultaneous radiochemotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in advanced head and neck cancer: a randomized multicenter study. J Clin Oncol1998;16:1318–1324.
MunroAJ. An overview of randomised controlled trials of adjuvant chemotherapy in head and neck cancer. Br J Cancer1995;71:83–91.
El-SayedSNelsonN. Adjuvant and adjunctive chemotherapy in the management of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region. A meta-analysis of prospective and randomized trials. J Clin Oncol1996;14:838–847.
PignonJPBourhisJDomengeCDesigneL. Chemotherapy added to locoregional treatment for head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma: three meta-analyses of updated individual data. MACH-NC Collaborative Group. Meta-Analysis of Chemotherapy on Head and Neck Cancer. Lancet2000;355:949–955.
PignonJPle MaitreABourhisJ. Meta-Analyses of Chemotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer (MACH-NC): an update. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2007;69:S112–114.
BonnerJAHarariPMGiraltJ. Radiotherapy plus cetuximab for squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med2006;354:567–578.
GardenASHarrisJVokesEE. Preliminary results of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 97-03: a randomized phase II trial of concurrent radiation and chemotherapy for advanced squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. J Clin Oncol2004;22:2856–2864.
GardenASHarrisJVokesEE. Results of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 97-03—a randomized phase II trial of concurrent radiation and chemotherapy for advanced squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck: long-term results and late toxicities [abstract]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys2007;69:S140.
FuryMGPfisterDG. Current recommendations for systemic therapy of recurrent and/or metastatic head and neck squamous cell cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw2011;9:681–689.
MolinYFayetteJ. Current chemotherapies for recurrent/metastatic head and neck cancer. Anticancer Drugs2011;22:621–625.
HoffmannTK. Systemic therapy strategies for head-neck carcinomas: Current status. GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg2012;11:Doc03.
PriceKACohenEE. Current treatment options for metastatic head and neck cancer. Curr Treat Options Oncol2012;13:35–46.
JacobsCLymanGVelez-GarciaE. A phase III randomized study comparing cisplatin and fluorouracil as single agents and in combination for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J Clin Oncol1992;10:257–263.
BurtnessBGoldwasserMAFloodW. Phase III randomized trial of cisplatin plus placebo compared with cisplatin plus cetuximab in metastatic/recurrent head and neck cancer: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol2005;23:8646–8654.
GrauJJCaballeroMVergerE. Weekly paclitaxel for platin-resistant stage IV head and neck cancer patients. Acta Otolaryngol2009;129:1294–1299.
GuardiolaEPeyradeFChaigneauL. Results of a randomised phase II study comparing docetaxel with methotrexate in patients with recurrent head and neck cancer. Eur J Cancer2004;40:2071–2076.
CatimelGVerweijJMattijssenV. Docetaxel (Taxotere): an active drug for the treatment of patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. EORTC Early Clinical Trials Group. Ann Oncol1994;5:533–537.
StewartJSCohenEELicitraL. Phase III study of gefitinib compared with intravenous methotrexate for recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck [corrected]. J Clin Oncol2009;27:1864–1871.
ForastiereAAMetchBSchullerDE. Randomized comparison of cisplatin plus fluorouracil and carboplatin plus fluorouracil versus methotrexate in advanced squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a Southwest Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol1992;10:1245–1251.
HaigentzMJrHartlDMSilverCE. Distant metastases from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Part III. Treatment. Oral Oncol2012;48:787–793.
DegardinMOliveiraJGeoffroisL. An EORTC-ECSG phase II study of vinorelbine in patients with recurrent and/or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Ann Oncol1998;9:1103–1107.
Martinez-TruferoJIslaDAdansaJC. Phase II study of capecitabine as palliative treatment for patients with recurrent and metastatic squamous head and neck cancer after previous platinum-based treatment. Br J Cancer2010;102:1687–1691.
EschwegeFSancho-GarnierHGerardJP. Ten-year results of randomized trial comparing radiotherapy and concomitant bleomycin to radiotherapy alone in epidermoid carcinomas of the oropharynx: experience of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. NCI Monogr1988:275–278.
MinatelEGiganteMFranchinG. Combined radiotherapy and bleomycin in patients with inoperable head and neck cancer with unfavourable prognostic factors and severe symptoms. Oral Oncol1998;34:119–122.
SaxmanSMannBCanfieldV. A phase II trial of vinorelbine in patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Am J Clin Oncol1998;21:398–400.
MartinMDiaz-RubioEGonzalez LarribaJL. Ifosfamide in advanced epidermoid head and neck cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol1993;31:340–342.
ZhangLZhangYHuangPY. Phase II clinical study of gemcitabine in the treatment of patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma after the failure of platinum-based chemotherapy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol2008;61:33–38.
VermorkenJBTrigoJHittR. Open-label, uncontrolled, multicenter phase II study to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of cetuximab as a single agent in patients with recurrent and/or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck who failed to respond to platinum-based therapy. J Clin Oncol2007;25:2171–2177.
ColevasAD. Chemotherapy options for patients with metastatic or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J Clin Oncol2006;24:2644–2652.
ForastiereAAShankDNeubergD. Final report of a phase II evaluation of paclitaxel in patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trial (PA390). Cancer1998;82:2270–2274.
VermorkenJBMesiaRRiveraF. Platinum-based chemotherapy plus cetuximab in head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med2008;359:1116–1127.
SamlowskiWEMoonJKueblerJP. Evaluation of the combination of docetaxel/carboplatin in patients with metastatic or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN): a Southwest Oncology Group Phase II study. Cancer Invest2007;25:182–188.
GibsonMKLiYMurphyB. Randomized phase III evaluation of cisplatin plus fluorouracil versus cisplatin plus paclitaxel in advanced head and neck cancer (E1395): an intergroup trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol2005;23:3562–3567.
BrowmanGPCroninL. Standard chemotherapy in squamous cell head and neck cancer: what we have learned from randomized trials. Semin Oncol1994;21:311–319.
ClavelMVermorkenJBCognettiF. Randomized comparison of cisplatin, methotrexate, bleomycin and vincristine (CABO) versus cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil (CF) versus cisplatin (C) in recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. A phase III study of the EORTC Head and Neck Cancer Cooperative Group. Ann Oncol1994;5:521–526.
CohenRB. Current challenges and clinical investigations of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)- and ErbB family-targeted agents in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Cancer Treat Rev2014;40:567–577.
MachielsJPSubramanianSRuzsaA. Zalutumumab plus best supportive care versus best supportive care alone in patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck after failure of platinum-based chemotherapy: an open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol2011;12:333–343.
GuigayJFayetteJDilliesAF. Cetuximab, docetaxel, and cisplatin (TPEx) as first-line treatment in patients with recurrent or metastatic (R/M) squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN): final results of phase II trial GORTEC 2008-03 [abstract]. J Clin Oncol2012;30(Suppl 15):Abstract 5505.
HerbstRSArquetteMShinDM. Phase II multicenter study of the epidermal growth factor receptor antibody cetuximab and cisplatin for recurrent and refractory squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J Clin Oncol2005;23:5578–5587.